Mecp2e1 gene

ABSTRACT

The invention is a novel MECP2E1 splice variant and its corresponding polypeptide. The invention also includes methods of using these nucleic acid sequences and proteins in medical diagnosis and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders or development disorders.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/429,143, filed Feb. 9, 2017, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/100,889, filed Dec. 9, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No.9,605,314, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/657,559, filed Jan. 21, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,637,236, which is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/352,153,filed Feb. 9, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,670,773, which is a continuationof International Patent Application No. PCT/CA2005/000198, filed Feb.17, 2005, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationNo. 60/544,311, filed Feb. 17, 2004. The contents of these applicationsare incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has beensubmitted in ASCII format via EFS-Web and is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Feb. 28, 2014, isnamed 103779-0609_SL.txt and is 154,492 bytes in size.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Neuropsychiatric disorders account for six of the ten highest impactdiseases worldwide, according to the World Health Organization. Cost tothe US economy is $100 billion—one of every four persons enteringphysician offices has a diagnosable mental disorder.

Rett syndrome (RTT) (OMIM #312750) is characterized by onset, in girls,of a gradual slowing of neurodevelopment in the second half of the firstyear of life towards stagnation by age four, followed by regression andloss of acquired fine motor and communication skills. A pseudostationaryperiod follows during which a picture of preserved ambulation, aberrantcommunication and stereotypic hand wringing approximates early autism.Regression, however, remains insidiously ongoing and ultimately resultsin profound mental retardation.

Up to 80% of patients with RTT have mutations in exons 3 and 4 of the4-exon MECP2 gene (FIG. 1a ) encoding the MeCP2 transcriptionalrepressor. Mutations in the remaining 20% of patients has remainedelusive. In the known transcript of the gene all four exons areutilized, the translation start site is in exon 2, and exon 1 and mostof exon 2 form the 5′untranslated region (UTR). For clarity, thistranscript is named MECP2E2 (previously MECP2A), and its encoded proteinMeCP2E2 (previously MeCP2A).

No mutation specific to the MeCP2E2-defining exon 2 has been found todate despite several hundred patients analyzed for mutations in thisexon. These studies did not include exon 1 as it was considerednon-coding.

Non-inactivating MECP2 mutations have also been associated withphenotypes that overlap RTT such as mental retardation and autism. Thereis a need for the identification of further mutations to account for theremaining 20% of RTT patients so that methods of diagnosing and treatingRTT can be identified.

Mutations in the Rett syndrome gene, MECP2, have also been found amongautism patients as well as in patients with childhood onset psychosis,Angelman syndrome, non-syndromic mental retardation and neo-natalencepalopathy, demonstrating that there may be diverse phenotypicconsequences of mutations in MECP2.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present inventors have identified a novel open reading frame of theMECP2 gene, that is called MECP2E1. Inspection of the 5′UTR revealedthat, whereas exon 2 has a number of in-frame stops upstream of the ATG,exon 1 contains an open reading frame across its entire length includingan ATG. This open reading frame encodes a transcript composed of exons1, 3 and 4 of the MECP2 gene. MECP2E1 is similar to MECP2E2 (GenBankaccession # NM_004992, SEQ ID NO. 1, except with nucleotides 71-193absent, corresponding to the splicing out of exon 2.

Accordingly, the present invention provides an isolated nucleic acidmolecule comprising a sequence encoding the MeCP2E1 protein. Theinvention also includes the corresponding polypeptide, MeCP2E1.

In one embodiment, the purified and isolated nucleic acid moleculecomprises

-   -   (a) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein as shown in SEQ        ID No. 4;    -   (b) a nucleic acid sequence complementary to (a);    -   (c) a nucleic acid sequence that has substantial homology to (a)        or (b);    -   (d) a nucleic acid sequence that is an analog to a nucleic acid        sequence of (a), (b), or (c);    -   (e) a fragment of (a) to (d) that is at least 15 bases,        preferably 20 to 30 bases, and which will hybridize to a nucleic        acid sequence of (a), (b), (c) or (d) under stringent        hybridization conditions; or    -   (f) a nucleic acid molecule differing from any of the nucleic        acids of (a) to (c) in codon sequences due to the degeneracy of        the genetic code.

In a specific embodiment of the invention, an isolated nucleic acidmolecule is provided having a sequence as shown in SEQ ID No. 3 or afragment or variant thereof.

The inventors have found that patients with a neuropsychiatric disorderor developmental disorder such as Rett's syndrome and mentalretardation, had mutations in exon 1 of the MECP2E1 gene. Accordingly,the present invention provides a method of detecting a neuropsychiatricdisorder or developmental disorder comprising detecting a mutation ordeletion in exon 1 of the MECP2E1 sequence (SEQ ID No. 3). A mutationcan be detected by sequencing PCR products from genomic DNA usingprimers X1F/X1R: mutation screening primers (FIG. 1). Detection ofinsertion or deletion mutations may require the cloning of the PCRproduct into a suitable plasmid vector, followed by transfection into E.coli, and sequencing of clones from isolated colonies. Alternatively, amutation can be detected by multiple ligation-dependent probeamplification (MLPA) using 20 probe pairs that target the four MECP2exons, six X-linked control regions and ten autosomal control regions. Amutation or deletion can also be detected by assaying for the proteinproduct encoded by MECP2E1.

Other features and advantages of the present invention will becomeapparent from the following detailed description. It should beunderstood, however, that the detailed description and the specificexamples while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention aregiven by way of illustration only, since various changes andmodifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will becomeapparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed incolor. Copies of this patent or patent application publication withcolor drawings will be provided by the Office upon request and paymentof the necessary fee.

The invention will now be described in relation to the drawings inwhich:

FIGS. 1A-1F shows MECP2 5′ splice variants. a) Structure of the MECP2gene. Numbered boxes indicate exons; asterisks indicate in-frame stopcodons. In the traditional MECP2E2 splice variant, the start codon is inexon 2. In MECP2E1, exon 2 is not present and the start codon is inexon 1. HF/HR1 and MF/MR: human and mouse primer pairs used in the rtPCRexperiments shown in panel c. HR2: a second human reverse primer, whichconfirms the results obtained with HR1 (data not shown). X1F/X1R:mutation screening primers (see FIG. 2). Primer sequences (5′-3′):HF-ctcggagagagggctgtg (SEQ ID No. 5), HR1-cttgaggggtttgtccttga (SEQ IDNo. 6), HR2-cgtttgatcaccatgacctg (SEQ ID No. 7), MF-aggaggcgaggaggagagac(SEQ ID No. 8), MR-ctggctctgcagaatggtg (SEQ ID No. 9),X1F-ccatcacagccaatgacg (SEQ ID No. 19), X1R-agggggagggtagagaggag (SEQ IDNo. 20). b) Examples of MECP2 ESTs. c) PCR results using primers in (a)(HF/HR1 and MF/MR) on cDNA from indicated adult tissues (except whereindicated otherwise) and cell cultures; d.p.c.: days postcoitum. d)Transcript-specific real-time quantitative PCR (SYBR Green detectionmethod) on cDNA from indicated tissues or cell cultures. e) 3′myc-taggedMeCP2E1 (and MeCP2E2) localize principally in the nucleus, and inindeterminate puncti in the cytoplasm. f) N-termini of indicatedproteins (SEQ ID NOS 30-42, respectively, in order of appearance);dashes represent no amino acids.

FIGS. 2A-2C shows a deletion mutation in patient V1. a1) Sequence of PCRproduct from genomic DNA using primers X1F/X1R (FIG. 1a ). Note mixedsequence. a2) and a3) Sequences of clones of the patient's wild-type andmutant alleles respectively; red box indicating the 11 nucleotidesdeleted in the mutated allele. b) Electropherograms of the same clonedwild-type and deleted alleles (SEQ ID NOS 43-46, respectively, in orderof appearance). c) PCR on indicated cDNAs using primers HF/HR1 (FIG.1a,c ). Lanes 1 and 2 (on 2.5% high resolution agarose) are from controland patient whole blood respectively. Lanes 3 to 8 (on 6% denaturingpolyacrylamide) are from control blood (3), patient blood (4), controlfetal brain (5), control adult brain (6), control testis (7) and controlgenomic DNA (8). Note that expression of the patient's MECP2E2transcript with the 11 bp exon 1 deletion (band at 266 bp) is notdiminished compared to the non-deleted allele (277 bp). The 141 and 152bp bands are the deleted and non-deleted MECP2E1 transcriptsrespectively.

FIGS. 3A-3B shows a deletion mutation in patient V2. MECP2 Multiplexligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) peak profiles are shown.Control loci are listed along the top. Boxed regions (E1-E4) indicateMECP2 exons 1-4. a) MLPA profile of normal control. b) MLPA profile ofpatient V2 shows a hemizygous exon 1 deletion (asterisk). The result wasconsistently reproducible and sequencing ruled out the possibility of aSNP interfering with the ligation efficiency of the MLPA reaction.

FIGS. 4A-4B shows the characterization of the primary brain cellcultures by rtPCRR (A) and IF (B). (A) Map2, Gfap and Nestin expressionsindicate that the cultures in B-27 medium were composed primarily ofneurons and those in G-5 medium were glial cells. Fibroblasts from thesame embryos were also cultured and used as negative controls. Wholebrain tissue (15.5 dpc) was used as a positive control for Map2 andNestin. (B) Double staining for neurons was performed with mouseanti-MAP2 and rabbit anti-GFAP antibodies. They were also counterstainedwith DAPI (blue). Most of the cells are neurons, which stainedpositively for MAP2 (green), and an insignificant percentage ofcontamination with glial cells stained positively for GFAP (red) wasdetected.

FIG. 5 shows the nucleotide sequence of the five MECP2 exon 1 variantsidentified in female MR patients. All sequences were obtained fromsingle colonies, after cloning the heterozygous PCR product into thepDRIVE vector (Qiagen). The ATG start codon is indicated by a red box,where possible. The resulting amino acid sequence is also indicated,with wild type sequence shown in red, and changes indicated in greentype. FIG. 5 discloses SEQ ID NOS 18 and 47-55, respectively, in orderof appearance.

FIG. 6 shows a high resolution agarose gel (2.2%) of PCR product forMECP2 exon 1 for negative controls (Lanes 1 and 2), 3 bp insertion(Lanes 3 and 4), 9 bp insertion (Lane 5) and 2 bp deletion (Lane 6).Size ladder (M)100 bp ladder (MBI Fermentas), flanks the PCR lanes.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present inventors have identified a MECP2 splice variant thatcontributes to new coding sequence that may contain mutations inpatients with neuropsychiatric disorders such as Rett's syndrome andmental retardation.

I. Nucleic Acid Molecules of the Invention

As hereinbefore mentioned, the present invention relates to isolatedMECP2E1 nucleic acid molecules. The term “isolated” refers to a nucleicacid substantially free of cellular material or culture medium whenproduced by recombinant DNA techniques, or chemical precursors, or otherchemicals when chemically synthesized.

The term “nucleic acid” is intended to include DNA and RNA and can beeither double stranded or single stranded. The term is also intended toinclude a strand that is a mixture of nucleic acid molecules and nucleicacid analogs and/or nucleotide analogs, or that is made entirely ofnucleic acid analogs and/or nucleotide analogs.

Broadly stated, the present invention provides an isolated nucleic acidmolecule containing a sequence encoding the MECP2E1 transcript of theMECP2 gene. Accordingly, the present invention provides an isolatednucleic acid molecule containing a sequence encoding MECP2E1 shown inSEQ ID No. 4 or a fragment, variant, or analog thereof.

In one embodiment, the purified and isolated nucleic acid moleculecomprises

(a) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a MECP2E1 protein as shown in SEQID No. 4;

(b) a nucleic acid sequence complementary to (a);

(c) a nucleic acid sequence that has substantial homology to (a) or (b);

(d) a nucleic acid sequence that is an analog to a nucleic acid sequenceof (a), (b), or (c);

(e) a fragment of (a) to (d) that is at least 15 bases, preferably 20 to30 bases, and which will hybridize to a nucleic acid sequence of (a),(b), (c) or (d) under stringent hybridization conditions; or

(f) a nucleic acid molecule differing from any of the nucleic acids of(a) to (c) in codon sequences due to the degeneracy of the genetic code.

In a specific embodiment of the invention, the isolated nucleic acidmolecule has a sequence as shown in SEQ ID No. 3 or a fragment orvariant thereof.

The term “MECP2E1” means an isoform of the MECP2 gene that containsexons 1, 3 and 4 but lacks exon 2. This gene was previously referred toas MECP2B but is now called MECP2E1 indicating the translation startsite in exon one. The term “MECP2E1” includes the nucleic acid sequenceas shown in SEQ ID No. 3 as well as mutations, variants and fragmentsthereof that are associated with neuropsychiatric disorders anddevelopmental disorders. “MECP2E1” can also be referred to as“MECP2_e1.” The “MeCP2E1” protein can also be referred to as “MeCP2_e1.”MECP2E2 is the transcript of the gene that contains exons 1, 2, 3 and 4.“MECP2E2” can also be referred to as “MECP2_e2.” The “MeCP2E2” proteincan also be referred to as “MeCP2_e2.”

It will be appreciated that the invention includes nucleic acidmolecules encoding truncations of the MeCP2E1 proteins of the invention,and analogs and homologs of the MeCP2E1 proteins of the invention andtruncations thereof, as described below.

Further, it will be appreciated that the invention includes nucleic acidmolecules comprising nucleic acid sequences having substantial sequencehomology with the nucleic acid sequences of the invention and fragmentsthereof. The term “sequences having substantial sequence homology” meansthose nucleic acid sequences which have slight or inconsequentialsequence variations from these sequences, i.e. the sequences function insubstantially the same manner to produce functionally equivalentproteins. The variations may be attributable to local mutations orstructural modifications.

Generally, nucleic acid sequences having substantial homology includenucleic acid sequences having at least 70%, preferably 80-90% identitywith the nucleic acid sequences of the invention.

Sequence identity is most preferably assessed by the algorithm of theBLAST version 2.1 program advanced search (BLAST is a series of programsthat are available online at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST. The advancedblast search (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/blast.cgi?Jform=1) is set todefault parameters. (ie Matrix BLOSUM62; Gap existence cost 11; Perresidue gap cost 1; Lambda ratio 0.85 default).). For example, if anucleotide sequence (called “Sequence A”) has 90% identity to a portionof the nucleotide sequence in SEQ ID No. 3, then Sequence A will beidentical to the referenced portion of the nucleotide sequence in SEQ IDNo. 3, except that Sequence A may include up to 10 point mutations, suchas substitutions with other nucleotides, per each 100 nucleotides of thereferenced portion of the nucleotide sequence in SEQ ID No. 3.Nucleotide sequences functionally equivalent to the MECP2E1 transcriptcan occur in a variety of forms as described below.

The term “a nucleic acid sequence which is an analog” means a nucleicacid sequence which has been modified as compared to the sequence of(a), (b) or (c) wherein the modification does not alter the utility ofthe sequence as described herein. The modified sequence or analog mayhave improved properties over the sequence shown in (a), (b) or (c). Oneexample of a modification to prepare an analog is to replace one of thenaturally occurring bases (i.e. adenine, guanine, cytosine or thymine)of the sequence shown in SEQ ID No. 3, with a modified base such as suchas xanthine, hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine, 6-methyl, 2-propyl and otheralkyl adenines, 5-halo uracil, 5-halo cytosine, 6-aza uracil, 6-azacytosine and 6-aza thymine, pseudo uracil, 4-thiouracil, 8-halo adenine,8-aminoadenine, 8-thiol adenine, 8-thiolalkyl adenines, 8-hydroxyladenine and other 8-substituted adenines, 8-halo guanines, 8 aminoguanine, 8-thiol guanine, 8-thiolalkyl guanines, 8-hydroxyl guanine andother 8-substituted guanines, other aza and deaza uracils, thymidines,cytosines, adenines, or guanines, 5-trifluoromethyl uracil and5-trifluoro cytosine.

Another example of a modification is to include modified phosphorous oroxygen heteroatoms in the phosphate backbone, short chain alkyl orcycloalkyl intersugar linkages or short chain heteroatomic orheterocyclic intersugar linkages in the nucleic acid molecule shown inSEQ ID No. 3. For example, the nucleic acid sequences may containphosphorothioates, phosphotriesters, methyl phosphonates, andphosphorodithioates.

A further example of an analog of a nucleic acid molecule of theinvention is a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) wherein the deoxyribose (orribose) phosphate backbone in the DNA (or RNA), is replaced with apolyamide backbone which is similar to that found in peptides (P. E.Nielsen, et al Science 1991, 254, 1497). PNA analogs have been shown tobe resistant to degradation by enzymes and to have extended lives invivo and in vitro. PNAs also bind stronger to a complimentary DNAsequence due to the lack of charge repulsion between the PNA strand andthe DNA strand. Other nucleic acid analogs may contain nucleotidescontaining polymer backbones, cyclic backbones, or acyclic backbones.For example, the nucleotides may have morpholino backbone structures(U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,506). The analogs may also contain groups such asreporter groups, a group for improving the pharmacokinetic orpharmacodynamic properties of nucleic acid sequence.

Another aspect of the invention provides a nucleic acid molecule, andfragments thereof having at least 15 bases, which hybridizes to thenucleic acid molecules of the invention under hybridization conditions.Such nucleic acid molecules preferably hybridize to all or a portion ofMECP2E1 or its complement under stringent conditions as defined herein(see Sambrook et al. (most recent edition) Molecular Cloning: ALaboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold SpringHarbor, N.Y.; Ausubel et al. (eds.), 1995, Current Protocols inMolecular Biology, (John Wiley & Sons, NY)). The portion of thehybridizing nucleic acids is typically at least 15 (e.g. 20, 25, 30 or50) nucleotides in length. The hybridizing portion of the hybridizingnucleic acid is at least 80% e.g. at least 95% or at least 98% identicalto the sequence or a portion or all of a nucleic acid encoding a MeCP2E1polypeptide, or its complement. Hybridizing nucleic acids of the typedescribed herein can be used, for example, as a cloning probe, a primer(e.g. a PCR primer) or a diagnostic probe. Hybridization of theoligonucleotide probe to a nucleic acid sample typically is performedunder stringent conditions. Nucleic acid duplex or hybrid stability isexpressed as the melting temperature or Tm, which is the temperature atwhich a probe dissociates from a target DNA. This melting temperature isused to define the required stringency conditions. If sequences are tobe identified that are related and substantially identical to the probe,rather than identical, then it is useful to first establish the lowesttemperature at which only homologous hybridization occurs with aparticular concentration of salt (e.g. SSC or SSPE). Then, assuming that1% mismatching results in a 1 degree Celsius decrease in the Tm, thetemperature of the final wash in the hybridization reaction is reducedaccordingly (for example, if sequences having greater than 95% identitywith the probe are sought, the final wash temperature is decreased by 5degrees Celsius). In practice, the change in Tm can be between 0.5degrees Celsius and 1.5 degrees Celsius per 1% mismatch. Low stringencyconditions involve hybridizing at about: 1×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 50° C. Highstringency conditions are: 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65° C. Moderatestringency is about 1×SSC 0.1% SDS at 60 degrees Celsius. The parametersof salt concentration and temperature can be varied to achieve theoptimal level of identity between the probe and the target nucleic acid.

Isolated and purified nucleic acid molecules having sequences whichdiffer from the nucleic acid sequence shown in SEQ ID No. 3 due todegeneracy in the genetic code are also within the scope of theinvention. The genetic code is degenerate so other nucleic acidmolecules, which encode a polypeptide identical to the MeCP2E1 aminoacid sequence SEQ ID No. 3 may also be used.

The present invention also includes mutated forms of MEC2P2E1 associatedwith a neuropsychiatric disorder or developmental disorder including thespecific mutations listed in Table 1. Specifically, the followingmutations are associated with Rett's syndrome: (1) an 11 bp deletion innucleotides 38 to 54 shown in SEQ ID No. 1; (2) a deletion of exon 1containing nucleotides 1-69 shown in SEQ ID No. 1; (3) an adenine tothymine change at nucleotide position 8 shown in SEQ ID No. 1; (4) adeletion in the sequence TG at nucleotide positions 70-71 in SEQ ID No.1 (5) an adenine to guanine change at nucleotide position 8 shown in SEQID No. 1; (6) a cytosine to thymine change at nucleotide position 12shown in SEQ ID No. 1; and (7) a deletion in the sequence TG atnucleotide positions 69 and 70 in SEQ ID No. 1.

The following mutations are associated with developmental delay: (1) aninsertion of one or more copies of the trinucleotide sequence GCCbetween nucleotides 11 and 29 shown in SEQ ID No. 1; (2) a deletion ofone or more copies of the trinucleotide sequence GCC between nucleotides11 and 29 shown in SEQ ID No. 1; (3) an insertion of the nucleotidesequence GGA between nucleotides 38 and 54 shown in SEQ ID No. 1; (4) adeletion of the nucleotide sequence GC at nucleotides −38 and −39upstream of nucleotide 1 shown in SEQ ID No. 1; and (5) a deletion ofthe nucleotide sequence AG at nucleotides −19 and −20 upstream ofnucleotide 1 shown in SEQ ID No. 1.

With respect to mutations (4) and (5) in the developmental delay group,these are upstream of nucleotide 1 shown in SEQ ID No. 1 GenBankAccession number BX538060 has the upstream sequences. Therefore, forgreater clarity mutation (4), that consists of a deletion of thenucleotide sequence GC at nucleotides −38 and −39, corresponds tonucleotides 11-12 of sequence BX538060; and mutation (5), that consistsof a deletion of the nucleotide sequence AG at nucleotides −19 and −20,corresponds to nucleotides 30-31 of BX538060.

Nucleic acid molecules from MECP2E1 can be isolated by preparing alabeled nucleic acid probe based on all or part of the nucleic acidsequences as shown in SEQ ID No. 3, and using this labelled nucleic acidprobe to screen an appropriate DNA library (e.g. a cDNA or genomic DNAlibrary). Nucleic acids isolated by screening of a cDNA or genomic DNAlibrary can be sequenced by standard techniques. Another method involvescomparing the MECP2E1 sequence to other sequences, for example usingbioinformatics techniques such as database searches or alignmentstrategies, and detecting the presence of a MECP2E1 nucleic acidsequence.

Nucleic acid molecules of the invention can also be isolated byselectively amplifying a nucleic acid using the polymerase chainreaction (PCR) methods and cDNA or genomic DNA. It is possible to designsynthetic oligonucleotide primers from the nucleic acid molecules asshown in SEQ ID No. 3 for use in PCR. A nucleic acid can be amplifiedfrom cDNA or genomic DNA using these oligonucleotide primers andstandard PCR amplification techniques. The nucleic acid so amplified canbe cloned into an appropriate vector and characterized by DNA sequenceanalysis. It will be appreciated that cDNA may be prepared from mRNA, byisolating total cellular mRNA by a variety of techniques, for example,by using the guanidinium-thiocyanate extraction procedure of Chirgwin etal., Biochemistry, 18, 5294-5299 (1979). cDNA is then synthesized fromthe mRNA using reverse transcriptase (for example, Moloney MLV reversetranscriptase available from Gibco/BRL, Bethesda, Md., or AMV reversetranscriptase available from Seikagaku America, Inc., St. Petersburg,Fla.).

An isolated nucleic acid molecule of the invention which is RNA can beisolated by cloning a cDNA encoding a novel protein of the inventioninto an appropriate vector which allows for transcription of the cDNA toproduce an RNA molecule which encodes the MeCP2E1 protein. For example,a cDNA can be cloned downstream of a bacteriophage promoter, (e.g. a T7promoter) in a vector, cDNA can be transcribed in vitro with T7polymerase, and the resultant RNA can be isolated by standardtechniques.

A nucleic acid molecule of the invention may also be chemicallysynthesized using standard techniques. Various methods of chemicallysynthesizing polydeoxynucleotides are known, including solid-phasesynthesis which, like peptide synthesis, has been fully automated incommercially available DNA synthesizers (See e.g., Itakura et al. U.S.Pat. No. 4,598,049; Caruthers et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,458,066; andItakura U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,401,796 and 4,373,071).

The initiation codon and untranslated sequences of the nucleic acidmolecules of the invention may be determined using currently availablecomputer software designed for the purpose, such as PC/Gene(IntelliGenetics Inc., Calif.). Regulatory elements can be identifiedusing conventional techniques. The function of the elements can beconfirmed by using these elements to express a reporter gene which isoperatively linked to the elements. These constructs may be introducedinto cultured cells using standard procedures. In addition toidentifying regulatory elements in DNA, such constructs may also be usedto identify proteins interacting with the elements, using techniquesknown in the art.

The sequence of a nucleic acid molecule of the invention may be invertedrelative to its normal presentation for transcription to produce anantisense nucleic acid molecule. Preferably, an antisense sequence isconstructed by inverting a region preceding the initiation codon or anunconserved region. In particular, the nucleic acid sequences containedin the nucleic acid molecules of the invention or a fragment thereof,preferably a nucleic acid sequence shown in SEQ ID No. 3 may be invertedrelative to its normal presentation for transcription to produceantisense nucleic acid molecules.

The antisense nucleic acid molecules of the invention or a fragmentthereof, may be chemically synthesized using naturally occurringnucleotides or variously modified nucleotides designed to increase thebiological stability of the molecules or to increase the physicalstability of the duplex formed with mRNA or the native gene e.g.phosphorothioate derivatives and acridine substituted nucleotides. Theantisense sequences may be produced biologically using an expressionvector introduced into cells in the form of a recombinant plasmid,phagemid or attenuated virus in which antisense sequences are producedunder the control of a high efficiency regulatory region, the activityof which may be determined by the cell type into which the vector isintroduced.

The invention also provides nucleic acids encoding fusion proteinscomprising a novel protein of the invention and a selected protein, or aselectable marker protein (see below).

II. Novel Proteins of the Invention

The invention further includes an isolated MeCP2E1 protein encoded bythe nucleic acid molecules of the invention. Within the context of thepresent invention, a protein of the invention may include variousstructural forms of the primary protein which retain biologicalactivity.

Broadly stated, the present invention provides an isolated proteinencoded by exon 1, 3 and 4 of the MECP2 gene.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the MeCP2E1 protein has theamino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID No. 4 or a fragment or variantthereof.

The invention also includes mutated forms of the MeCP2E1 protein thatare associated with a neuropsychiatric disorder or developmentaldisorder. Specifically, the invention includes the mutations in MECP2E1described in Table 1.

In addition to full length amino acid sequences, the proteins of thepresent invention also include truncations of the protein, and analogs,and homologs of the protein and truncations thereof as described herein.Truncated proteins may comprise peptides of at least fifteen amino acidresidues.

Analogs or variants of the protein having the amino acid sequence shownin SEQ ID No. 4 and/or truncations thereof as described herein, mayinclude, but are not limited to an amino acid sequence containing one ormore amino acid substitutions, insertions, and/or deletions. Amino acidsubstitutions may be of a conserved or non-conserved nature. Conservedamino acid substitutions involve replacing one or more amino acids ofthe proteins of the invention with amino acids of similar charge, size,and/or hydrophobicity characteristics. When only conserved substitutionsare made the resulting analog should be functionally equivalent.Non-conserved substitutions involve replacing one or more amino acids ofthe amino acid sequence with one or more amino acids which possessdissimilar charge, size, and/or hydrophobicity characteristics.

One or more amino acid insertions may be introduced into the amino acidsequence shown in SEQ ID No. 4. Amino acid insertions may consist ofsingle amino acid residues or sequential amino acids ranging from 2 to15 amino acids in length. For example, amino acid insertions may be usedto destroy target sequences so that the protein is no longer active.This procedure may be used in vivo to inhibit the activity of a proteinof the invention.

Deletions may consist of the removal of one or more amino acids, ordiscrete portions from the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID No. 4.The deleted amino acids may or may not be contiguous. The lower limitlength of the resulting analog with a deletion mutation is about 10amino acids, preferably 100 amino acids.

Analogs of a protein of the invention may be prepared by introducingmutations in the nucleotide sequence encoding the protein. Mutations innucleotide sequences constructed for expression of analogs of a proteinof the invention must preserve the reading frame of the codingsequences. Furthermore, the mutations will preferably not createcomplementary regions that could hybridize to produce secondary mRNAstructures, such as loops or hairpins, which could adversely affecttranslation of the receptor mRNA.

Mutations may be introduced at particular loci by synthesizingoligonucleotides containing a mutant sequence, flanked by restrictionsites enabling ligation to fragments of the native sequence. Followingligation, the resulting reconstructed sequence encodes an analog havingthe desired amino acid insertion, substitution, or deletion.

Alternatively, oligonucleotide-directed site specific mutagenesisprocedures may be employed to provide an altered gene having particularcodons altered according to the substitution, deletion, or insertionrequired. Deletion or truncation of a protein of the invention may alsobe constructed by utilizing convenient restriction endonuclease sitesadjacent to the desired deletion. Subsequent to restriction, overhangsmay be filled in, and the DNA religated. Exemplary methods of making thealterations set forth above are disclosed by Sambrook et al (MolecularCloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryPress, 1989).

The proteins of the invention also include homologs of the amino acidsequence having the exon 1 region shown in SEQ ID No. 4 and/ortruncations thereof as described herein.

A homologous protein includes a protein with an amino acid sequencehaving at least 70%, preferably 80-90% identity with the amino acidsequence as shown in SEQ ID No. 4 and includes the exon 1 regioncharacteristic of the MeCP2E1 protein. As with the nucleic acidmolecules of the invention, identity is calculated according to methodsknown in the art. Sequence identity is most preferably assessed by thealgorithm of BLAST version 2.1 advanced search. BLAST is a series ofprograms that are available online at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST. Theadvanced BLAST search (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/blast.cgi?Jform=1) isset to default parameters (i.e. Matrix BLOSUM62, Gap existence cost 11;Per residue gap cost 1; Lambda ration 0.85 default).

The invention also contemplates isoforms of the proteins of theinvention. An isoform contains the same number and kinds of amino acidsas a protein of the invention, but the isoform has a different molecularstructure. The isoforms contemplated by the present invention are thosehaving the same properties as a protein of the invention as describedherein.

The present invention also includes a protein of the inventionconjugated with a selected protein, or a selectable marker protein (seebelow) to produce fusion proteins. Additionally, immunogenic portions ofa protein of the invention are within the scope of the invention.

The proteins of the invention (including truncations, analogs, etc.) maybe prepared using recombinant DNA methods. Accordingly, the nucleic acidmolecules of the present invention having a sequence which encodes aprotein of the invention may be incorporated in a known manner into anappropriate expression vector which ensures good expression of theprotein. Possible expression vectors include but are not limited tocosmids, plasmids, or modified viruses (e.g. replication defectiveretroviruses, adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses), so long as thevector is compatible with the host cell used. The expression vectors are“suitable for transformation of a host cell”, means that the expressionvectors contain a nucleic acid molecule of the invention and regulatorysequences selected on the basis of the host cells to be used forexpression, which is operatively linked to the nucleic acid molecule.Operatively linked is intended to mean that the nucleic acid is linkedto regulatory sequences in a manner which allows expression of thenucleic acid.

The invention therefore contemplates a recombinant expression vector ofthe invention containing a nucleic acid molecule of the invention, or afragment thereof, and the necessary regulatory sequences for thetranscription and translation of the inserted protein-sequence. Suitableregulatory sequences may be derived from a variety of sources, includingbacterial, fungal, or viral genes (For example, see the regulatorysequences described in Goeddel, Gene Expression Technology: Methods inEnzymology 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990). Selection ofappropriate regulatory sequences is dependent on the host cell chosen,and may be readily accomplished by one of ordinary skill in the art.Examples of such regulatory sequences include: a transcriptionalpromoter and enhancer or RNA polymerase binding sequence, a ribosomalbinding sequence, including a translation initiation signal.Additionally, depending on the host cell chosen and the vector employed,other sequences, such as an origin of replication, additional DNArestriction sites, enhancers, and sequences conferring inducibility oftranscription may be incorporated into the expression vector. It willalso be appreciated that the necessary regulatory sequences may besupplied by the native protein and/or its flanking regions.

The invention further provides a recombinant expression vectorcomprising a DNA nucleic acid molecule of the invention cloned into theexpression vector in an antisense orientation. That is, the DNA moleculeis operatively linked to a regulatory sequence in a manner which allowsfor expression, by transcription of the DNA molecule, of an RNA moleculewhich is antisense to a nucleotide sequence comprising the nucleotidesas shown SEQ ID No. 3. Regulatory sequences operatively linked to theantisense nucleic acid can be chosen which direct the continuousexpression of the antisense RNA molecule.

The recombinant expression vectors of the invention may also contain aselectable marker gene which facilitates the selection of host cellstransformed or transfected with a recombinant molecule of the invention.Examples of selectable marker genes are genes encoding a protein such asG418 and hygromycin which confer resistance to certain drugs,β-galactosidase, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, or fireflyluciferase. Transcription of the selectable marker gene is monitored bychanges in the concentration of the selectable marker protein such asB-galactosidase, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, or fireflyluciferase. If the selectable marker gene encodes a protein conferringantibiotic resistance such as neomycin resistance transformant cells canbe selected with G418. Cells that have incorporated the selectablemarker gene will survive, while the other cells die. This makes itpossible to visualize and assay for expression of recombinant expressionvectors of the invention and in particular to determine the effect of amutation on expression and phenotype. It will be appreciated thatselectable markers can be introduced on a separate vector from thenucleic acid of interest.

The recombinant expression vectors may also contain genes which encode afusion moiety which provides increased expression of the recombinantprotein; increased solubility of the recombinant protein; and aid in thepurification of a target recombinant protein by acting as a ligand inaffinity purification. For example, a proteolytic cleavage site may beadded to the target recombinant protein to allow separation of therecombinant protein from the fusion moiety subsequent to purification ofthe fusion protein.

Recombinant expression vectors can be introduced into host cells toproduce a transformed host cell. The term “transformant host cell” isintended to include prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells which have beentransformed or transfected with a recombinant expression vector of theinvention. The terms “transformed with”, “transfected with”,“transformation” and “transfection” are intended to encompassintroduction of nucleic acid (e.g. a vector) into a cell by one of manypossible techniques known in the art. Prokaryotic cells can betransformed with nucleic acid by, for example, electroporation orcalcium-chloride mediated transformation. Nucleic acid can be introducedinto mammalian cells via conventional techniques such as calciumphosphate or calcium chloride co-precipitation, DEAE-dextran-mediatedtransfection, lipofectin, electroporation or microinjection. Suitablemethods for transforming and transfecting host cells can be found inSambrook et al. (Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Edition,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory press (1989)), and other laboratorytextbooks.

Suitable host cells include a wide variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotichost cells. For example, the proteins of the invention may be expressedin bacterial cells such as E. coli, insect cells (using baculovirus),yeast cells or mammalian cells. Other suitable host cells can be foundin Goeddel, Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology 185,Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1991).

The proteins of the invention may also be prepared by chemical synthesisusing techniques well known in the chemistry of proteins such as solidphase synthesis (Merrifield, 1964, J. Am. Chem. Assoc. 85:2149-2154) orsynthesis in homogenous solution (Houbenweyl, 1987, Methods of OrganicChemistry, ed. E. Wansch, Vol. 15 I and II, Thieme, Stuttgart).

III. Applications A. Diagnostic Applications

As previously mentioned, the present inventors have isolated a novelsplice variant of the MECP2 gene, MECP2E1, and have shown that exon 1 isdeleted or mutated in people with neuropsychiatric disorders ordevelopmental disorders such as Rett's syndrome or mental retardation.As a result, the present invention also includes a method of detecting aneuropsychiatric or developmental disorder by detecting a mutation ordeletion in the MECP2E1 nucleic acid or MeCP2E1 protein.

The term “neuropsychiatric disorder” as used herein includes, but is notlimited to, autism/autism spectrum disorder, epilepsy, Angelmansyndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, encephalopathy, schizophrenia, bipolaraffective disorder, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, panicdisorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and ataxia.

The term “developmental disorder” includes but is not limited to, mentalretardation.

i) Detecting Mutations in the Nucleic Acid Sequence

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method for detectinga neuropsychiatric or developmental disorder comprising detecting adeletion or mutation in exon 1 of the MECP2 gene in a sample obtainedfrom an animal, preferably a mammal, more preferably a human.

The Examples and Table 1 summarize some of the mutations found inMECP2E1 in patient's with Rett's syndrome or developmental delay. (Theyare also described in Section I). Screening assays can be developed foreach of the mutations. Examples of methods that can be used to detectmutations include sequencing, polymerase chain reaction, reversetranscription-polymerase chain reaction, denaturing HPLC,electrophoretic mobility, nucleic acid hybridization, fluorescent insitu hybridization and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification.Details of screening assays that may be employed are provided inExamples 3, 4 or 5.

Rett's syndrome has been shown to be caused by deletions in exon 1 ofMECP2. Patients homozygous for these deletions can be detected byPCR-amplifying and sequencing exon 1 and flanking sequences usingX1F/X1R primers. Consequently, the present invention includes a methodfor determining a deletion in exon 1 of the MECP2 gene by a methodcomprising:

(a) amplifying the nucleic acid sequences in the sample with primers X1F(5′-CCATCACAGCCAATGACG-3′) (SEQ ID No. 19) and X1R(5′-AGGGGGAGGGTAGAGAGGAG-3′) (SEQ ID No. 20) in a polymerase chainreaction;

(b) amplifying the nucleic acid sequences from a control with sameprimers;

(c) sequencing the amplified sequences; and

(d) comparing the sample sequences to the control sequences

wherein deletion of nucleotides in the sample sequence compared to thecontrol sequence indicates that the sample is from an animal with Rett'ssyndrome.

Additional exon 1 mutations not detectable by the PCR reaction, can beidentified using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA)in all four exons. MLPA analysis is described in reference 5 and inSchouten, U.S. application Ser. No. 10/218,567, (publication number2003/0108913) which are incorporated herein in by reference.Accordingly, the present invention includes a method for determining adeletion in exon 1 of the MECP2 gene by performing MLPA analysis with 20probe pairs that target the four MECP2 exons, six X-linked controlregions and ten autosomal control regions.

One skilled in the art will appreciate that other methods, in additionto the ones discussed above and in the examples, can be used to detectmutations in exon 1 of the MECP2 gene. For example, in order to isolatenucleic acids from a sample, one can prepare nucleotide probes from thenucleic acid sequences of the invention. In addition, the nucleic acidprobes described herein (for example, see FIG. 1) can also be used. Anucleotide probe may be labelled with a detectable marker such as aradioactive label which provides for an adequate signal and hassufficient half life such as ³²P, ³H, ¹⁴C or the like. Other detectablemarkers which may be used include antigens that are recognized by aspecific labelled antibody, fluorescent compounds, enzymes, antibodiesspecific for a labelled antigen, and chemiluminescent compounds. Anappropriate label may be selected having regard to the rate ofhybridization and binding of the probe to the nucleotide to be detectedand the amount of nucleotide available for hybridization.

Accordingly, the present invention also relates to a method of detectingthe presence of a nucleic acid molecule containing exon 1 of the MECP2gene in a sample comprising contacting the sample under hybridizationconditions with one or more of nucleotide probes which hybridize to thenucleic acid molecules and are labelled with a detectable marker, anddetermining the degree of hybridization between the nucleic acidmolecule in the sample and the nucleotide probes.

Hybridization conditions which may be used in the methods of theinvention are known in the art and are described for example in SambrookJ, Fritch E F, Maniatis T. In: Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual,1989. (Nolan C, Ed.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold SpringHarbor, N.Y. The hybridization product may be assayed using techniquesknown in the art. The nucleotide probe may be labelled with a detectablemarker as described herein and the hybridization product may be assayedby detecting the detectable marker or the detectable change produced bythe detectable marker.

Prior to hybridizing a sample with DNA probes, the sample can be treatedwith primers that flank the MECP2 gene in order to amplify the nucleicacid sequences in the sample. The primers used may be the ones describedin the present application. For example, primers specific for humanMECP2 include HF(ctcggagagagggctgtg) (SEQ ID No. 5),HR1(cttgaggggtttgtccttga) (SEQ ID No. 6), HR2(cgtttgatcaccatgacctg) (SEQID No. 7). Primers for mouse MECP2 include MF(aggaggcgaggaggagagac) (SEQID NO. 8) and MR(ctggctctgcagaatggtg) (SEQ ID No. 9). In addition, thesequence of the MECP2 gene provided herein also permits theidentification and isolation, or synthesis of new nucleotide sequenceswhich may be used as primers to amplify a nucleic acid molecule of theinvention. The primers may be used to amplify the genomic DNA of otherspecies. The PCR amplified sequences can be examined to determine therelationship between the genes of various species.

The length and bases of the primers for use in the PCR are selected sothat they will hybridize to different strands of the desired sequenceand at relative positions along the sequence such that an extensionproduct synthesized from one primer when it is separated from itstemplate can serve as a template for extension of the other primer intoa nucleic acid of defined length. Primers which may be used in theinvention are oligonucleotides i.e. molecules containing two or moredeoxyribonucleotides of the nucleic acid molecule of the invention whichoccur naturally as in a purified restriction endonuclease digest or areproduced synthetically using techniques known in the art such as forexample phosphotriester and phosphodiester methods (See Good et al Nucl.Acid Res 4:2157, 1977) or automated techniques (See for example,Conolly, B. A. Nucleic Acids Res. 15(7): 3131, 1987). The primers arecapable of acting as a point of initiation of synthesis when placedunder conditions which permit the synthesis of a primer extensionproduct which is complementary to the DNA sequence of the invention i.e.in the presence of nucleotide substrates, an agent for polymerizationsuch as DNA polymerase and at suitable temperature and pH. Preferably,the primers are sequences that do not form secondary structures by basepairing with other copies of the primer or sequences that form a hairpin configuration. The primer preferably contains between about 7 and 25nucleotides.

The primers may be labelled with detectable markers which allow fordetection of the amplified products. Suitable detectable markers areradioactive markers such as P-32, S-35, I-125, and H-3, luminescentmarkers such as chemiluminescent markers, preferably luminol, andfluorescent markers, preferably dansyl chloride,fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate, and 4-fluor-7-nitrobenz-2-axa-1,3 diazole,enzyme markers such as horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase,β-galactosidase, acetylcholinesterase, or biotin.

It will be appreciated that the primers may contain non-complementarysequences provided that a sufficient amount of the primer contains asequence which is complementary to a nucleic acid molecule of theinvention or oligonucleotide fragment thereof, which is to be amplified.Restriction site linkers may also be incorporated into the primersallowing for digestion of the amplified products with the appropriaterestriction enzymes facilitating cloning and sequencing of the amplifiedproduct.

In an embodiment of the invention a method of determining the presenceof a nucleic acid molecule of the invention is provided comprisingtreating the sample with primers which are capable of amplifying thenucleic acid molecule or a predetermined oligonucleotide fragmentthereof in a polymerase chain reaction to form amplified sequences,under conditions which permit the formation of amplified sequences and,assaying for amplified sequences.

The polymerase chain reaction refers to a process for amplifying atarget nucleic acid sequence as generally described in Innis et al,Academic Press, 1990 in Mullis et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,863,195 andMullis, U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,202 which are incorporated herein byreference. Conditions for amplifying a nucleic acid template aredescribed in M. A. Innis and D. H. Gelfand, PCR Protocols, A Guide toMethods and Applications M. A. Innis, D. H. Gelfand, J. J. Sninsky andT. J. White eds, pp 3-12, Academic Press 1989, which is alsoincorporated herein by reference.

The amplified products can be isolated and distinguished based on theirrespective sizes using techniques known in the art. For example, afteramplification, the DNA sample can be separated on an agarose gel andvisualized, after staining with ethidium bromide, under ultra violet(UV) light. DNA may be amplified to a desired level and a furtherextension reaction may be performed to incorporate nucleotidederivatives having detectable markers such as radioactive labelled orbiotin labelled nucleoside triphosphates. The primers may also belabelled with detectable markers as discussed above. The detectablemarkers may be analyzed by restriction and electrophoretic separation orother techniques known in the art.

The conditions which may be employed in the methods of the inventionusing PCR are those which permit hybridization and amplificationreactions to proceed in the presence of DNA in a sample and appropriatecomplementary hybridization primers. Conditions suitable for thepolymerase chain reaction are generally known in the art. For example,see M. A. Innis and D. H. Gelfand, PCR Protocols, A guide to Methods andApplications M. A. Innis, D. H. Gelfand, J. J. Sninsky and T. J. Whiteeds, pp 3-12, Academic Press 1989, which is incorporated herein byreference. Preferably, the PCR utilizes polymerase obtained from thethermophilic bacterium Thermus aquatics (Taq polymerase, GeneAmp Kit,Perkin Elmer Cetus) or other thermostable polymerase may be used toamplify DNA template strands.

It will be appreciated that other techniques such as the Ligase ChainReaction (LCR) and NASBA may be used to amplify a nucleic acid moleculeof the invention (Barney in “PCR Methods and Applications”, August 1991,Vol. 1(1), page 5, and European Published Application No. 0320308,published Jun. 14, 1989, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,130,238 to Malek).

(ii) Detecting the MeCP2E1 Protein

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method fordetecting a neuropsychiatric or developmental disorder comprisingdetecting a deletion or mutation in the MeCP2E1 protein in a sample froman animal.

The MeCP2E1 protein of the present invention may be detected in abiological sample using antibodies that are specific for MeCP2E1 usingvarious immunoassays that are discussed below.

Conventional methods can be used to prepare the antibodies. For example,by using a peptide from the MeCP2E1 protein of the invention, polyclonalantisera or monoclonal antibodies can be made using standard methods. Amammal, (e.g., a mouse, hamster, or rabbit) can be immunized with animmunogenic form of the peptide which elicits an antibody response inthe mammal. Techniques for conferring immunogenicity on a peptideinclude conjugation to carriers or other techniques well known in theart. For example, the peptide can be administered in the presence ofadjuvant. The progress of immunization can be monitored by detection ofantibody titers in plasma or serum. Standard ELISA or other immunoassayprocedures can be used with the immunogen as antigen to assess thelevels of antibodies. Following immunization, antisera can be obtainedand, if desired, polyclonal antibodies isolated from the sera.

To produce monoclonal antibodies, antibody producing cells (lymphocytes)can be harvested from an immunized animal and fused with myeloma cellsby standard somatic cell fusion procedures thus immortalizing thesecells and yielding hybridoma cells. Such techniques are well known inthe art, (e.g., the hybridoma technique originally developed by Kohlerand Milstein (Nature 256, 495-497 (1975)) as well as other techniquessuch as the human B-cell hybridoma technique (Kozbor et al., Immunol.Today 4, 72 (1983)), the EBV-hybridoma technique to produce humanmonoclonal antibodies (Cole et al. Monoclonal Antibodies in CancerTherapy (1985) Allen R. Bliss, Inc., pages 77-96), and screening ofcombinatorial antibody libraries (Huse et al., Science 246, 1275(1989)). Hybridoma cells can be screened immunochemically for productionof antibodies specifically reactive with the peptide and the monoclonalantibodies can be isolated. Therefore, the invention also contemplateshybridoma cells secreting monoclonal antibodies with specificity for aprotein of the invention.

The term “antibody” as used herein is intended to include fragmentsthereof which also specifically react with a protein of the invention,or peptide thereof. Antibodies can be fragmented using conventionaltechniques and the fragments screened for utility in the same manner asdescribed above. For example, F(ab′)₂ fragments can be generated bytreating antibody with pepsin. The resulting F(ab′)₂ fragment can betreated to reduce disulfide bridges to produce Fab′ fragments.

Chimeric antibody derivatives, i.e., antibody molecules that combine anon-human animal variable region and a human constant region are alsocontemplated within the scope of the invention. Chimeric antibodymolecules can include, for example, the antigen binding domain from anantibody of a mouse, rat, or other species, with human constant regions.Conventional methods may be used to make chimeric antibodies containingthe immunoglobulin variable region which recognizes a CipA protein (See,for example, Morrison et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81, 6851(1985); Takeda et al., Nature 314, 452 (1985), Cabilly et al., U.S. Pat.No. 4,816,567; Boss et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,397; Tanaguchi et al.,European Patent Publication EP171496; European Patent Publication0173494, United Kingdom patent GB 2177096B).

Monoclonal or chimeric antibodies specifically reactive with a proteinof the invention as described herein can be further humanized byproducing human constant region chimeras, in which parts of the variableregions, particularly the conserved framework regions of theantigen-binding domain, are of human origin and only the hypervariableregions are of non-human origin. Such immunoglobulin molecules may bemade by techniques known in the art, (e.g., Teng et al., Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 80, 7308-7312 (1983); Kozbor et al., ImmunologyToday, 4, 7279 (1983); Olsson et al., Meth. Enzymol., 92, 3-16 (1982)),and PCT Publication WO92/06193 or EP 0239400). Humanized antibodies canalso be commercially produced (Scotgen Limited, 2 Holly Road,Twickenham, Middlesex, Great Britain.)

Specific antibodies, or antibody fragments, reactive against a proteinof the invention may also be generated by screening expression librariesencoding immunoglobulin genes, or portions thereof, expressed inbacteria with peptides produced from the nucleic acid molecules of thepresent invention. For example, complete Fab fragments, VH regions andFV regions can be expressed in bacteria using phage expression libraries(See for example Ward et al., Nature 341, 544-546: (1989); Huse et al.,Science 246, 1275-1281 (1989); and McCafferty et al. Nature 348, 552-554(1990)).

Antibodies may also be prepared using DNA immunization. For example, anexpression vector containing a nucleic acid of the invention (asdescribed above) may be injected into a suitable animal such as mouse.The protein of the invention will therefore be expressed in vivo andantibodies will be induced. The antibodies can be isolated and preparedas described above for protein immunization.

The antibodies may be labelled with a detectable marker includingvarious enzymes, fluorescent materials, luminescent materials andradioactive materials. Examples of suitable enzymes include horseradishperoxidase, biotin, alkaline phosphatase, β-galactosidase, oracetylcholinesterase; examples of suitable fluorescent materials includeumbelliferone, fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine,dichlorotriazinylamine fluorescein, dansyl chloride or phycoerythrin; anexample of a luminescent material includes luminol; and examples ofsuitable radioactive material include S-35, Cu-64, Ga-67, Zr-89, Ru-97,Tc-99m, Rh-105, Pd-109, In-111, I-123, I-125, I131, Re-186, Au-198,Au-199, Pb-203, At-211, Pb-212 and Bi-212. The antibodies may also belabelled or conjugated to one partner of a ligand binding pair.Representative examples include avidin-biotin and riboflavin-riboflavinbinding protein. Methods for conjugating or labelling the antibodiesdiscussed above with the representative labels set forth above may bereadily accomplished using conventional techniques.

The antibodies reactive against proteins of the invention (e.g. enzymeconjugates or labelled derivatives) may be used to detect a protein ofthe invention in various samples, for example they may be used in anyknown immunoassays which rely on the binding interaction between anantigenic determinant of a protein of the invention and the antibodies.Examples of such assays are radioimmunoassays, enzyme immunoassays (e.g.ELISA), immunofluorescence, immuno-precipitation, latex agglutination,hemagglutination, and histochemical tests. Thus, the antibodies may beused to identify or quantify the amount of a protein of the invention ina sample in order to diagnose the presence of Rett's syndrome.

In a method of the invention a predetermined amount of a sample orconcentrated sample is mixed with antibody or labelled antibody. Theamount of antibody used in the process is dependent upon the labellingagent chosen. The resulting protein bound to antibody or labelledantibody may be isolated by conventional isolation techniques, forexample, salting out, chromatography, electrophoresis, gel filtration,fractionation, absorption, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,agglutination, or combinations thereof.

The sample or antibody may be insolubilized, for example, the sample orantibody can be reacted using known methods with a suitable carrier.Examples of suitable carriers are Sepharose or agarose beads. When aninsolubilized sample or antibody is used protein bound to antibody orunreacted antibody is isolated by washing. For example, when the sampleis blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane, the antibody bound to aprotein of the invention is separated from the unreacted antibody bywashing with a buffer, for example, phosphate buffered saline (PBS) withbovine serum albumin (BSA).

When labelled antibody is used, the presence of MeCP2E1 can bedetermined by measuring the amount of labelled antibody bound to aprotein of the invention in the sample or of the unreacted labelledantibody. The appropriate method of measuring the labelled material isdependent upon the labelling agent.

When unlabelled antibody is used in the method of the invention, thepresence of MeCP2E1 can be determined by measuring the amount ofantibody bound to the protein using substances that interactspecifically with the antibody to cause agglutination or precipitation.In particular, labelled antibody against an antibody specific for aprotein of the invention, can be added to the reaction mixture. Thepresence of a protein of the invention can be determined by a suitablemethod from among the already described techniques depending on the typeof labelling agent. The antibody against an antibody specific for aprotein of the invention can be prepared and labelled by conventionalprocedures known in the art which have been described herein. Theantibody against an antibody specific for a protein of the invention maybe a species specific anti-immunoglobulin antibody or monoclonalantibody, for example, goat anti-rabbit antibody may be used to detectrabbit antibody specific for a protein of the invention.

(iii) Kits

The reagents suitable for carrying out the methods of the invention maybe packaged into convenient kits providing the necessary materials,packaged into suitable containers. Such kits may include all thereagents required to detect a nucleic acid molecule or protein of theinvention in a sample by means of the methods described herein, andoptionally suitable supports useful in performing the methods of theinvention.

In one embodiment of the invention, the kit includes primers which arecapable of amplifying a nucleic acid molecule of the invention or apredetermined oligonucleotide fragment thereof, all the reagentsrequired to produce the amplified nucleic acid molecule or predeterminedfragment thereof in the polymerase chain reaction, and means forassaying the amplified sequences. The kit may also include restrictionenzymes to digest the PCR products. In another embodiment of theinvention the kit contains a nucleotide probe which hybridizes with anucleic acid molecule of the invention, reagents required forhybridization of the nucleotide probe with the nucleic acid molecule,and directions for its use. In a further embodiment of the invention thekit includes antibodies of the invention and reagents required forbinding of the antibody to a protein of the invention in a sample.

The kits may include nucleic acid molecules, proteins or antibodies ofthe invention (described above) to detect or treat neuropsychiatricdisorders and developmental disorders together with instructions for theuse thereof.

The methods and kits of the present invention may be used to detectneuropsychiatric and developmental disorders such as Rett's syndrome andmental retardation. Samples which may be tested include bodily materialssuch as blood, urine, serum, tears, saliva, feces, tissues, organs,cells and the like. In addition to human samples, samples may be takenfrom mammals such as non-human primates, etc.

Before testing a sample in accordance with the methods described herein,the sample may be concentrated using techniques known in the art, suchas centrifugation and filtration. For the hybridization and/or PCR-basedmethods described herein, nucleic acids may be extracted from cellextracts of the test sample using techniques known in the art.

B. Therapeutic Applications

As mentioned previously, the nucleic acid molecules of the presentinvention are deleted or mutated in people with neuropsychiatricdisorders and developmental disorders. Accordingly, the presentinvention provides a method of treating or preventing neuropsychiatricdisorders and developmental disorders by administering a nucleic acidsequence containing a sufficient portion of the MECP2E1 splice variantto treat or prevent neuropsychiatric disorders and developmentaldisorders. The present invention includes a use of a nucleic acidmolecule or protein of the invention to treat or detect neuropsychiatricdisorders and developmental disorders.

Recombinant molecules comprising a nucleic acid sequence or fragmentthereof, may be directly introduced into cells or tissues in vivo usingdelivery vehicles such as retroviral vectors, adenoviral vectors and DNAvirus vectors. They may also be introduced into cells in vivo usingphysical techniques such as microinjection and electroporation orchemical methods such as coprecipitation and incorporation of DNA intoliposomes. Recombinant molecules may also be delivered in the form of anaerosol or by lavage.

The nucleic acid sequences may be formulated into pharmaceuticalcompositions for administration to subjects in a biologically compatibleform suitable for administration in vivo. By “biologically compatibleform suitable for administration in vivo” is meant a form of thesubstance to be administered in which any toxic effects are outweighedby the therapeutic effects. The substances may be administered to livingorganisms including humans, and animals. Administration of atherapeutically active amount of the pharmaceutical compositions of thepresent invention is defined as an amount effective, at dosages and forperiods of time necessary to achieve the desired result. For example, atherapeutically active amount of a substance may vary according tofactors such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of theindividual, and the ability of antibody to elicit a desired response inthe individual. Dosage regima may be adjusted to provide the optimumtherapeutic response. For example, several divided doses may beadministered daily or the dose may be proportionally reduced asindicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation.

The active substance may be administered in a convenient manner such asby injection (subcutaneous, intravenous, etc.), oral administration,inhalation, transdermal application, or rectal administration. Dependingon the route of administration, the active substance may be coated in amaterial to protect the compound from the action of enzymes, acids andother natural conditions which may inactivate the compound.

The compositions described herein can be prepared by per se knownmethods for the preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable compositionswhich can be administered to subjects, such that an effective quantityof the active substance is combined in a mixture with a pharmaceuticallyacceptable vehicle. Suitable vehicles are described, for example, inRemington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (Remington's PharmaceuticalSciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., USA 1985). On thisbasis, the compositions include, albeit not exclusively, solutions ofthe substances in association with one or more pharmaceuticallyacceptable vehicles or diluents, and contained in buffered solutionswith a suitable pH and iso-osmotic with the physiological fluids.

C. Experimental Models

The present invention also includes methods and experimental models forstudying the function of the MECP2 gene and MeCP2E1 protein. Cells,tissues and non-human animals that lack the MECP2E1 splice variant orpartially lack in MeCP2E1 expression may be developed using recombinantexpression vectors having a specific deletion or mutation in the MECP2E1gene. A recombinant expression vector may be used to inactivate or alterthe MECP2 gene by homologous recombination and thereby create a MECP2E1deficient cell, tissue or animal. In particular, a targeted mutationcould be designed to result in deficient MECP2E1 while MECP2E2 remainsunaltered. This can be accomplished by targeting exon 1 of the MECP2gene.

Null alleles may be generated in cells, such as embryonic stem cells bydeletion mutation. A recombinant MECP2 gene may also be engineered tocontain an insertion mutation which inactivates MECP2E1. Such aconstruct may then be introduced into a cell, such as an embryonic stemcell, by a technique such as transfection, electroporation, injectionetc. Cells lacking an intact MECP2 gene may then be identified, forexample by Southern blotting, Northern Blotting or by assaying forMECP2E1 using the methods described herein. Such cells may then be fusedto embryonic stem cells to generate transgenic non-human animalsdeficient in MECP2E1. Germline transmission of the mutation may beachieved, for example, by aggregating the embryonic stem cells withearly stage embryos, such as 8 cell embryos, in vitro; transferring theresulting blastocysts into recipient females and; generating germlinetransmission of the resulting aggregation chimeras. Such a mutant animalmay be used to define specific cell populations, developmental patternsand in vivo processes, normally dependent on MECP2E1 expression. Thepresent invention also includes the preparation of tissue specificknock-outs of the MECP2E1 variant.

The following non-limiting examples are illustrative of the presentinvention:

EXAMPLES Example 1 Identification of MEC2E1 Splice Variant

Inspection of the 5′UTR revealed that, whereas exon 2 has a number ofin-frame stops upstream of the ATG, exon 1 contains an open readingframe across its entire length including an ATG. Submitting atheoretical construct composed of exons 1, 3 and 4 to the ATGpr program(www.hri.co.jp/atgpr/), which predicts the likelihood of an ATG to be aninitiation codon based on significance of its surrounding Kozaknucleotide context, returned a reliability score of 97% compared to 64%for MECP2E2. A search in EST databases identified eight examples of ourtheorized transcript (named MECP2E1) (FIG. 1b ) (vs. 14 examples ofMECP2E2). MECP2E1 would be predicted to encode a new variant, MeCP2E1,with an alternative longer N-terminus determined by exon 1.

Example 2 Expression of MECP2E1

To confirm that MECP2E1 is in fact expressed and not an artifact of cDNAlibrary preparations, cDNA from a variety of tissues was PCR-amplifiedusing a 5′-primer in exon 1 and a 3′-primer in exon 3 (FIG. 1a ). TwoPCR products corresponding to MECP2E2 and MECP2E1 by size and sequencewere obtained in all tissues, including fetal and adult brain, and inbrain subregions (FIG. 1c ). Results in mouse were similar (FIG. 1c ).The expression levels of the two transcripts in adult human brain werequantified. MECP2E1 expression is 10 times higher than MECP2E2 (FIG. 1d). The subcellular localization of MeCP2E1 following transfection of 3′myc-tagged MECP2E1 into COS-7 cells was found to be principally in thenucleus (FIG. 1e ).

MECP2E1 was not detected in previous expression studies. Northernanalyses reveal three transcripts, 1.9, 5 and 10.1 kb, with thedifferences in size due to alternative polyadenylation signal usage(4,6,8) (FIG. 1a ). MECP2E1 differs from MECP2E2 in lacking the124-nucleotide exon 2. At the 5 and 10.1 kb positions on the gel, thetwo transcripts would not be separable. In the 1.9 kb range, publishednorthern blots do show a thick or double band likely corresponding tothe two transcripts. Likewise, conventional western blot analysis wouldnot allow resolution of the two MeCP2 isoforms (molecular weightdifference <0.9 kD; FIG. 1f ).

Example 3 Mutations in MECP2E1 in Rett's Syndrome

To determine whether the new coding region is mutated in Rett'ssyndrome, Exon 1 and flanking sequences were PCR-amplified and sequencedin 19 girls with typical RTT in whom no mutations had been found in theother exons. One patient (V1) was found to carry an 11 bp deletionmutation in exon 1 (FIG. 2). The deletion occurs within the predictedexon 1 open reading frame of MECP2E1 and leads to a frame shift thatresults in a missense amino acid sequence followed by a premature stopcodon after amino acid 36. It does not affect the coding sequence ofMECP2E2. This sequence change was not found in 200 control individualsincluding the patient's parents and brother.

To search, in the remaining patients, for additional exon 1 deletionsnot detectable by our PCR reaction, multiplex ligation-dependent probeamplification (MLPA) (5) was performed in all four exons and detected ahemizygous deletion of exon 1 in one patient (Patient V2; FIG. 3).Finally, an additional patient with an MLPA-detected deletion restrictedto exon 1 was recently documented in abstract form, though the effect onMECP2E1 was not realized (S. Boulanger et al. Am J Hum Genet 73, 572(2003)).

In contrast, no mutation specific to the MeCP2E2-defining exon 2 hasbeen found to date despite several hundred patients analyzed formutations in this exon (31 publications; most reviewed in ref 3). Thesestudies did not include exon 1 as it was considered non-coding.

Exon 1 deletions result in absent or truncated MeCP2E1 proteins.However, they also result in shortening of MECP2E2's 5′UTR and maypossibly affect its expression. This possibility was tested in patientV1 by RT-PCR on whole blood. No diminution of MECP2E2 expression waspresent (FIG. 2c ). In conclusion, mutation data indicate thatinactivation of MeCP2E1 is sufficient in RTT, but the same cannot besaid, to date, of MeCP2E2.

Materials and Methods

PCR, manual sequencing, cloning, rtPCR, gel blotting. PCR amplificationwas performed using [NH₄]₂SO₄-containing PCR buffer (MBI Fermentas) with1M betaine, 200 μM dNTPs including 50% deaza dGTP, with a 95° C.denaturing step for 3 minutes, followed by cycling at 95° C. for 30secs, 55° C. for 30 secs, 72° C. for 45 secs for 30 cycles, followed bya 7 minute soak step at 72° C. Manual sequencing was performed,following extraction from a 1% agarose gel, using the Thermosequenase™kit (USB/Amersham) and run on a 6% denaturing polyacrylamide gel for 3hours. PCR products were cloned using the pDRIVE vector (Qiagen PCRcloning kit). Whole blood RNA was extracted using the PAXgene Blood RNAKit (Qiagen). Reverse transcription was performed with random hexamersand a standard Superscript III protocol (Invitrogen). Human brainsubregion cDNA was obtained from OriGene. The polyacrylamide gel in(FIG. 2c ) was blotted onto Hybond N+ (Amersham) and hybridized withprimer HF labeled at the 3′end with [α³²P]-dCTP using deoxynucleotidyltransferase (MBI Fermentas).

Preparation of neuronal and glial cultures. Cerebral cortices wereprepared from 15.5 days postcoitum (15.5 dpc) embryos of CD-1 mice. Theprocedure of Yamasaki et al. (Yamasaki et al. Hum Mol Genet 12: 837-847,2003) was used. Briefly, fetal cerebral cortices without meninges weredissociated by mechanical trituration and digested with 0.25% trypsinwith EDTA. After adding fetal bovine serum (FBS; GIBCO BRL), filteredcells were collected by centrifugation. The cell pellet was resuspendedin Neurobasal (GIBCO BRL) medium supplemented with B-27 (GIBCO BRL) forgrowth of neurons or with G-5 (GIBCO BRL) for growth of glial cells.Cells were plated on polyethyleneimine-coated plastic dishes at adensity of 2×10⁶ cells/ml. Cultures of neurons and glial cells weremaintained in 5% CO₂ at 37° C. for 6 days and 12 days, respectively.Isolated brain cells were characterized by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence(IF) using the markers MAP2 (microtubule-associated protein 2) forneurons, GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) for glial cells andNESTIN for progenitor cells. For IF, the following specific antibodieswere used: mouse monoclonal anti-MAP2 (CHEMICON), and rabbit polyclonalanti-GFAP (DAKO). The primers used for rtPCR were same as Yamasaki etal. To obtain a semi-quantitative PCR, optimal cDNA concentration andnumber of cycles were determined according to Gapdh amplification as aninternal control. FIG. 4 shows the characterization of the primary braincell cultures by rtPCR (A) and IF (B).

Quantitative rtPCR. To determine the quantity of the MECP2 transcriptsin different tissues, we developed transcript-specific real-timequantitative PCR assays using SYBR Green detection method (PE AppliedBiosystems, ABI PRISM 7900 Sequence Detection System). The followingMECP2E2-specific forward primer (25 nM) (in exon 2) was designed:5′-ctcaccagttcctgctttgatgt-3′ (SEQ ID No. 12). The MECP2E1-specificprimer (25 nM) was placed at the junction of exons 1 and 3:5′-aggagagactggaagaaaagtc-3′ (SEQ ID No. 10). Both assays used the samereverse primer (25 nM) in exon 3: 5′-cttgaggggtttgtccttga-3′ (SEQ ID No.11), producing fragments of 161- (MECP2E2) and 65-bp (MECP2E1). Thecorresponding transcript-specific primers (25 nM) for the mouse mecp2transcripts (mecp2e2 167 bp and mecp2e1 71 bp) were5′-ctcaccagttcctgctttgatgt-3′ (SEQ ID No. 12) (MECP2E2);5′-aggagagactggaggaaaagtc-3′ (SEQ ID No. 13) (MECP2E1) and the commonreverse primer 5′-cttaaacttcagtggcttgtctctg-3′ (SEQ ID No. 14). PCRconditions were: 2 min 50 C, 10 min 95 C and 40 cycles of 15 sec 95 C,85 s 60 C. The PCR reactions were performed in separate tubes; andabsolute quantitation of the MECP2E2 and E1 transcripts was performedfrom cDNA from human adult brain, cerebellum, fibroblast and lymphoblast(Clontech, Palo Alto, USA), as well as from murine neuronal and glialcell cultures (see above). Results were analyzed using the standardcurve method according to the manufacturer's instructions (PE AppliedBiosystems, ABI PRISM 7900 Sequence Detection System). The standardcurve was developed using dilutions of the transcript-specific purifiedPCR products.

Immunofluorescence light microscopy. 3′-myc-tagged MECP2E2 and MECP2E1constructs (pCDNA3.1A-MECP2E2-myc and pcDNA3.1A-MECP2E1-myc) weregenerated by PCR amplification of full-length cDNA of each transcriptwith BamHI (5′) and XbaI (3′) restriction sites attached and subsequentcloning in-frame with myc into pcDNA3.1 version A (Invitrogen). Theforward primer for MECP2E2 contained the start codon in exon 2(5′-tatggatccATGgtagctgggat-3′) (SEQ ID No. 15), while the forwardprimer for MECP2E1 included the start codon in exon1(5′-tatggatccggaaaATGgccg-3′) (SEQ ID No. 16) (BamHI restriction siteunderlined, start codon uppercase). The reverse primer was the same forboth amplifications (5′-gcgtctagagctaactctct-3′) (SEQ ID No. 17) (XbaIrestriction site underlined). The template used for PCR was smallintestine cDNA for MECP2E2 and skeletal muscle cDNA for MECP2E1.pcDNA3.1A-MECP2E2-myc and pcDNA3.1A-MECP2E1-myc (2 ug) were transfectedinto COS-7 cells using lipofectamine (Invitrogen) and the lipid-DNAcomplex was exposed in DMEM (GIBCO) for 5 hours. Forty-eight hourspost-transfection the cultures were rinsed in PBS and fixed for 15 minat −20° C. in an acetone:methanol (1:1) mix, blocked for 1 hour (10% BSAin PBS) and incubated with anti-myc (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, 1:50 inblocking buffer) for 45 min at room temperature. After washing with PBS,slides were incubated with secondary antibody (FITC-labeled goatanti-mouse (Jackson Immunoresearch labs), 1:400, detectable through thegreen filter) in blocking solution, mounted with Dako Anti-Fade andanalyzed by immunofluorescence light microscopy.

MLPA analysis. MLPA was performed as described by Schouten et al., supraand as described by Schouten, supra. MECP2 test kits from MRC-Holland,Amsterdam, Netherlands (www.mrc-holland.com) were utilized and consistedof 20 probe pairs that target the four MECP2 exons, six X-linked controlregions and ten autosomal control regions. Briefly, 100-200 ng ofgenomic DNA was denatured and hybridized with the probe mix overnight at60° C. The following morning the paired probes were ligated using heatstable Ligase-65 at 54° C. for 15 minutes. The ligation was followedwith PCR with a common primer pair that hybridizes to the terminal endof each ligation product. One PCR primer was FAM-labeled and conditionsfor the PCR were as follows: 95° C. 30s, 60° C. 30s and 72° C. 1 min.The resulting amplicons were analyzed on an ABI 3100 capillaryelectrophoresis instrument and ABI Genescan software. All datamanagement and comparisons to normal controls were done with Excelsoftware.

Discussion

Recently, studies in frog (Xenopus laevis) afforded important insightinto the role of MeCP2 in neurodevelopmental transcription regulation.MeCP2 was shown to be a component of the SMRT complex involved in theregulation of genes involved in neuronal differentiation followingdevelopmental stage-specific mediation by Notch-Delta. The frog Mecp2transcript targeted for silencing in these experiments is an orthologueof MECP2E1 (FIG. 1f ). In fact, MeCP2E1 appears to be the only form ofMeCP2 in non-mammalian vertebrates (FIG. 1f ).

The new MeCP2 N-terminus is a distinctive 21 amino acid peptideincluding polyalanine and polyglycine tracts (MAAAAAAAPSGGGGGGEEERL)(SEQ ID No. 18) (FIG. 1f ). A similar N-terminus occurs in the ERK1(MAPK3) extracellular signal-regulated kinase (FIG. 1f ), a key commoncomponent of multiple signal transduction pathways. Intriguingly, inneurons, both ERK1 and MeCP2 have been shown to be present in thepost-synaptic compartment, in addition to the nucleus, and the formershown to translocate between the two compartments to link synapticactivity to transcriptional regulation. It is possible that MeCP2E1similarly links synaptic function, in this case neurodevelopmentalsynaptic contact guidance, with transcriptional regulation. The onlyother proteins in which consecutive polyalanine and polyglycine tractsare found are in some members of the homeobox (HOX) family. These, likeMeCP2, are developmental transcription regulators.

Finally, non-inactivating MECP2 mutations have been associated withphenotypes that overlap RTT such as mental retardation and autism. TheMeCP2 variant discovered in this study is a candidate for involvement inthese disorders.

Example 4 Mutations in MECP2E1 in Mental Retardation

The inventors screened the MECP2E1 gene in N=401 autism probands, and inN=493 patients with non-specific mental retardation. Autism probandsrecruited through the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto (N=146; 114male, 32 female) and from London, UK (N=13; 10 male, 3 female) were alsoscreened, as well as probands from multiplex families from the AutismGenetic Resource Exchange (AGRE; N=242; 100 female, 142 male). Localinstitutional ethics board approval was obtained, and written consentgiven by participants. Anonymized DNA samples were also obtained for 293female and 200 male patients with non-specific developmentaldelay/mental retardation who had been referred for fragile-X testing(but tested negative) to the Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicineat the Hospital for Sick Children. Polymerase chain reaction followed bydenaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) was used formutation detection, with PCR primers and conditions as describedpreviously in Example 3. PCR product from female individuals suspectedof carrying a sequence variant was cloned into the pDRIVE vector(Qiagen), and at least four clones sequenced using automated BIGDYE™Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit (ABI 3100) in forward and reversedirections. PCR products from males were excised from agarose gel,column purified, then sequenced, also using automated BIGDYE™ Terminatorv3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit (ABI 3100) in both forward and reversedirections. No mutations were identified among the autism screening set,however sequence variants were identified among eight of the female MRcases (see FIG. 5), three of which result in insertion or deletion ofamino acids within the polyalanine repeat stretch, and two of whichresult in insertion of a glycine residue within the polyglycine repeatat the N-terminal portion of MECP2E1. The first individual identifiedwas heterozygous for a deletion of a GpC dinucleotide positioned 45-46bp upstream of the putative MECP2E1 start codon. This deletion coulddisrupt a potential SP1 transcription factor binding site (as predictedusing AliBaba2.1www.gene-regulation.com/pub/programs/alibaba2/index.html), and may alsoeliminate potentially methylatable cytosine residues. Another individualis heterozygous for an ApG dinucleotide deletion 26 bp upstream of theMECP2E1 start codon. Two individuals are heterozygous for a GGAtrinucleotide insertion within a poly[GGA] stretch, which would resultin an additional glycine residue within the predicted polyglycinestretch. A fifth individual is heterozygous for a GCC trinucleotidedeletion within a triplet repeat stretch encoding polyalanine. Twoindividuals are heterozygous for a 9 bp insertion, also within the GCCtrinucleotide repeat/polyalanine region, and would result in thepolyalanine stretch being extended from seven to ten residues.

The amino acid sequence variation in ˜2% of female non-specific MR casesin a new isoform of a protein that has previously been associated with amental retardation syndrome, is extremely intriguing. Moreover, the factthat the variation occurs within a part of the protein that is conservedacross many vertebrate species also adds to the interest (100% identityto chimpanzee, orang-utan, macaque, cat and dog MeCP2E1 amino acidsequence). It would be particularly useful to know whether there are anyspecific phenotypic features among the individuals with the variants,how severe the symptoms are an whether there are overlaps with ordistinctions from the Rett syndrome phenotypes. However, since the DNAswere anonymized, it is not possible, in this instance, to correlate themutations discovered with phenotypic features or severity. In an attemptto address this issue, a second sample set of MR cases (188 female and96 male) from the Greenwood Genetic Center, South Carolina, werescreened, followed by sequencing. No variants were found in the males,and two of the females carried the GGA insertion encoding an extraglycine residue.

In the present study, three female MR patients were identified with a 3bp insertion leading to an extra glycine residue within the polyglycinestretch at the N-terminal end of MeCP2E1. No disease association haspreviously been reported with expansion within a glycine repeat. Thefunction of polyglycine stretches, either within the context of theMeCP2E1 protein or more generally, is not known, although a study of theToc75 protein in plants suggests that a polyglycine stretch in theprotein is essential for correct targeting of the protein to thechloroplast outer envelope. A similar function of protein traffickingmay also be the case for mammalian proteins with polyglycine stretches,and for MeCP2E1.

The variants within the polyalanine tracts are of particular interest,as they are rarely polymorphic, and because a number of small expansions(or duplications) within such tracts have been reported to causediseases, ranging from cleidocranial dysplasia (RUNX2), oculopharyngealmuscular dystrophy (PABPN1) and mental retardation (ARX; this gene isalso X-chromosomal and has a very broad array of phenotypes—see above).The majority of polyalanine disease genes encode transcription factors,although PABPN1 gene encodes a polyadenylate binding protein. On the onehand, amongst these diseases, the smallest pathogenic repeats within thetranscription factor genes are generally greater than 20 alanines inlength, thus it could be considered improbable that a stretch ofalanines as short as that encoded by MECP2E1 could be pathogenic, and achange of 1 or 3 alanine residues could be considered likely to be rarepolymorphisms. There is currently some uncertainty as to whether smallexpansion of 1 or 3 alanine residues within the ARX gene may bepathogenic or innocent variants. On the other hand, oculopharyngealmuscular dystrophy is caused by mutations within a GCG tract in thePABPN1 gene, that expand a polyalanine tract from just 10 alanineresidues to between 12 and 17 alanine residues. Moreover, as with thepolyalanine tract in MeCP2E1, the polyalanine tract in PABPN1 is rightat the N-terminal end of the gene, and thus it is possible that smallermutations within repeat stretches within the N-terminal portion of aprotein may be more detrimental than larger mutations located in thecentral portions of proteins.

A recently published study screened for mutations in MECP2 exon 1 among97 Rett patients with no mutation in exons 2, 3 or 4, and among 146controls. One of the Rett patients was found to have a 6 bp insertionwithin the polyalanine-encoding [GCC] stretch, but no such variationswere observed among the controls. The variant was inherited from anunaffected mother, and it was concluded that the variant is thusunlikely to be etiologically relevant. However, it has also beendemonstrated recently that even subtle changes in expression of MECP2 inmice can have profound neurological and behavioural consequences. It isapparent that patients with the same MECP2 mutation may have verydifferent phenotypic features and severity, and it is likely thatvariation in X-inactivation pattern plays a role in this discordancy.Thus it is quite feasible that variation in exon 1, either within therepeat stretches resulting in change in length of polyalanine orpolyglycine stretch, or in the region just upstream of the start codon,may affect function or expression levels resulting in aneuropathological phenotype.

Example 5 Additional Mutations in MECP2E1 in Rett's Syndrome

The entire coding regions of exons 1, 2, 3 and 4 and their intronicflanking sequences were analyzed. Exons 2 to 4 were amplified by PCRwith primer pairs designed with the use of genomic sequence informationfrom the Human Genome Project working draft site (UCSC,www.genome.ucsc.edu) and the Lasergene Primer select program. The PCRproducts were loaded on 2% agarose gel to confirm amplification beforeanalysis for base changes by dHPLC (WAVE Nucleic Acid Fragment AnalysisSystem from Transgenomic, San Jose, Calif.). Solvent A consisted of 0.1mol/L triethylammonim acetate (TEAA) and 25% acetonitrile and solvent Bcontained 1M TEAA, 25% acenonitril. PCR products showing achromatographic variation on dHPLC were sequenced directly on anautomatic sequencer (Gene Reader 4200). The sequencing data was analyzedusing DNA Star software SeqMan (Lasergene). Exon 1 was PCR amplified andsequenced in all patients as recently described.

The first exon 1 mutation consists of two missing base pairs at the exon1 intron 1 boundary. Because of the nature of the sequence in thisregion, we cannot resolve whether the missing two nucleotides are thefirst two base pairs of intron 1 (GT) or the last nucleotide of exon 1(T) and the first nucleotide of intron 1 (G). In either case, themissing pair of nucleotides destroys the predicted consensus splice siteand results in readthrough of intron 1 (data not shown). In the secondpatient with an exon 1 mutation a 1A→T substitution (ATG->TTG) changesthe first Methionine codon into a Leucine. The prediction is thatMECP2E1 translation would be greatly or totally hindered due to absenceof a start codon. MECP2E2 would be normally made (and appears unable torescue the disease phenotype).

Example 6 Additional Mutations in MECP2E1 in Rett's Syndrome Patients

Thirty-five samples from females were referred to Children's MercyHospital for RTT testing in a two year period spanning September of 2004through September of 2006 (See, for example, Saunders, C. J., et al.,“Novel Exon 1 Mutations in MECP2 Implicate Isoform MeCP2_e1 in ClassicalRett Syndrome,” American Journal of Medical Genetics, 149A: 1019-1023(2009)). These patients had various clinical presentations, includingautism, mental retardation, developmental delay, and “Angelman-like”,and only 9 patients fit the criteria for classical (N=7) or variant(N=2) RTT. Permission to review patient charts was obtained through theChildren's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics' Institutional Review Board. Inaddition, 16 female patients were ascertained through either theHospital for Sick Children or Centre for Addiction and Mental Health inToronto, either with autism and developmental delay (N=14) or Rettsyndrome (N=2). This ascertainment was subsequent to the study reportedby Mnatzakanian, G. et al., “A previously unidentified MECP2 openreading frame defines a new protein isoform relevant to Rett syndrome,”Nat Genet., 36: 339-341 (2004) and there is no overlap of subjectsbetween that and the current study. Screening for mutations in MECP2identified four patients with mutations involving exon 1.

Patient 1 was a 20-year-old at the time of testing who had a longstanding clinical diagnosis of RTT but had never undergone confirmatoryDNA testing. She met the criteria for classical RTT, with the exceptionof acquired microcephaly (head circumference is at 15%). Followingnormal perinatal development, she sat at 6 months, walked at 14 months,used simple words at 18 months, around which time she began to regress.She lost all speech in addition to purposeful hand movements, which werereplaced by a sifting activity. She now walks with a shuffling gait,exhibits some aggressive behavior, is nonverbal, and has medicallyintractable epilepsy.

Patient 2 was 7 years old at the time of testing. She met the criteriafor classical RTT, with the exception of acquired microcephaly (headcircumference 50%). She had a period of normal development, such assmiling, rolling over, and sitting at appropriate times, but around 10months she exhibited global developmental delay. There was no clearregression in her skills at that point. Around the age of 2, shedeveloped a stereotypic midline hand movement involving her left hand inher mouth and her right hand twirling her hair or rubbing her hairbetween her fingers. She commando crawls for mobility and will takesteps with assistance. She is very hirsute and has precocious pubertywith pubic hair development beginning at age 5. She has episodicseizures that do not require daily medication. She had previously testednegative for MECP2 mutations in exons 2-4, MECP2 duplications anddeletions, and research testing involving sequencing of the MECP2promoter region. The family came to the clinic in pursuit of mutationscreening for the cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) gene, but uponcloser examination of the patient's medical record, it was discoveredthat exon 1 of MECP2 had not been sequenced.

Patient 3 was a 16-year-old female with a clinical diagnosis of Rettsyndrome since 20 months of age. She had microcephaly, developmentalregression, severe cognitive insufficiency, midline hand movements,general tonic-clonic seizure disorder, loss of gait, diffusehypertonicity, scoliosis treated with surgery, GE reflux requiringgastrostomy tube, and multiple hospitalizations for bacterial pneumonia.On her last admission for pneumonia, she succumbed to respiratoryinsufficiency and was not resuscitated. Brain autopsy showedmicroencephaly, subpial gliosis, minimal loss of Purkinje cells withgliosis, and isolated eosinophilic neurons in the dentate nucleus andbrain stem. Previous testing for MECP2 exons 2-4 was negative.

Patient 4 had a clinical diagnosis of Rett syndrome since age 10. Atbirth, she had a normal head circumference but poor muscle tone. Globaldevelopmental delays, intense eye contact and screaming spells werenoted in infancy. Teeth grinding, hand flapping, and deterioration infine motor skills began from age 3 to 4. Speech development was slow butshe acquired a vocabulary of about 25 words before the onset of loss ofspeech at age 6 and she became non-verbal by age 10. She first walked atage 14 months following intensive physiotherapy, and still walksunassisted despite occasional loss of balance due to mild gaitdyspraxia. Other significant medical history included scoliosis (treatedwith surgery) and chronic constipation. There is no history of seizuresor acquired microcephaly. When the patient was 28 years old, the familysought molecular genetic testing to confirm the clinical diagnosis ofRett syndrome.

Research ethics board approval was obtained for the study, and writtenconsent obtained for the four patients described here.

Sequence Analysis

DNA from blood, or in the case of patient 3, cultured fibroblast cells,was extracted by a manual salting out procedure (Lahiri, D. K. andNurnberger, J. I., “A rapid non-enzymatic method for the preparation ofHMW DNA from blood for RFLP studies,” Nucleic Acids Res., 19: 5444(1991)). For most of the 35 subjects the entire MECP2 coding region(exons 1-4) was analyzed (primers and PCR conditions available uponrequest); for Patients 2 and 3, only exon 1 was analyzed since theremaining coding region had been previously tested by an outsidelaboratory. Exon 1 of the MECP2 gene was PCR-amplified as describedpreviously (Mnatzakanian, G. et al., “A previously unidentified MECP2open reading frame defines a new protein isoform relevant to Rettsyndrome,” Nat Genet., 36: 339-341 (2004)) and verified on a 2% agarosegel. Fragments were purified using ExoSAPit (USB Corp., Cleveland Ohio).Purified products were sequenced in both forward and reverse directionsby automated fluorescent dye-terminator sequencing using Big Dye v3.0(Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) and run on an ABI310 (AppliedBiosystems). For Patient 2, allele-specific sequence was obtained aftercloning the heterozygous PCR product into a TA cloning vector(Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). The sequence data was compared to theMECP2 reference sequence AF030876 using Sequencher software (Gene Codes,Ann Arbor, Mich.).

In silico analysis of efficiency of translation start sites affected byexon 1 mutations was performed on MEPC2 mRNA sequences using NetStart(www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetStart).

X-Chromosome Inactivation

X-chromosome inactivation was assessed on genomic DNA from peripheralblood leukocytes by methylation-sensitive restriction digestion followedby PCR amplification across the androgen receptor [CAG] repeat region,according to the method described by Plenge, R. M. et al., “SkewedX-chromosome inactivation is a common feature of X-linked mentalretardation disorders,” Am J Hum Genet., 71: 168-173 (2002).

Results

In 51 samples tested for RTT, four unrelated patients with exon 1mutations were identified.

In Patient 1, a mutation was detected, c.1A>T in SEQ ID No. 1 thatdisrupts the initiation codon, changing it to a leucine. SEQ ID No. 1contains non-coding exon sequence upstream of the start codon, so themutation is located at position 8 in SEQ ID No. 1 which corresponds tothe first position in the coding exon of SEQ ID No. 1. In silicoanalysis of translation initiation using NetStart predicts thattranslation of MeCP2_e1 would be ablated, but without any negativeaffect on translation of MeCP2_e2. The patient's mother tested negativefor this mutation, however the father's DNA was not available fortesting. X-chromosome inactivation in peripheral blood leukocytesappeared to be random.

Patient 2 has a mutation, c.62+1delTG in SEQ ID No. 1, affecting thesplice donor (Amir, R. E. et al., “Mutations in exon 1 of MECP2 are arare cause of Rett syndrome,” J Med Genet., 42: e15 (2005)). SEQ ID No.1 contains non-coding exon sequence upstream of the start codon, so themutation is located at positions 69 and 70 in SEQ ID No. 1 whichcorresponds to positions 62 and 63 in the coding exon of SEQ ID No. 1.Analysis of parental DNA revealed that it arose as a de novo mutation,not present in either parent. This mutation is predicted to disruptsplicing of the MECP2E1 mRNA, and may also affect the translation of theMeCP2_e2 isoform from the exon 2-containing mRNA, MECP2E2 (Amir, R. E.et al., “Mutations in exon 1 of MECP2 are a rare cause of Rettsyndrome,” J Med Genet., 42: e 15 (2005) and Saxena, A. et al., “Lost intranslation: translational interference from a recurrent mutation inexon 1 of MECP2,” J Med Genet., 43: 470-477 (2006)). This patient had arandom pattern of X-chromosome inactivation in peripheral bloodleukocytes.

Patient 3 had a C>T transition (c.5C>T) in SEQ ID No. 1 resulting in amissense mutation, A2V. SEQ ID No. 1 contains non-coding exon sequenceupstream of the start codon, so the mutation is located at position 12in SEQ ID No. 1 which corresponds to the fifth position in the codingexon of SEQ ID No. 1. Though an alanine to valine substitution isconservative in retaining a nonpolar side chain, this is a residue thatis perfectly conserved throughout evolution and marks the beginning of apolyalanine stretch which is present in all vertebrate species (Harvey,C. G. et al., “Sequence Variants Within Exon 1 of MECP2 Occur in FemalesWith Mental Retardation,” Am J Med Genet (Neuropsychiatr Genet), 144:355-360 (2007)). Though the role of this repeat is unknown, it containsmultiple binding sites for the SP1 transcription factor, the alterationsof which would affect the rate of gene transcription. This patient'sparents both tested negative for this mutation, indicating this is a denovo mutation.

Patient 4 had a A>G transition (c.1 A>G) in SEQ ID No. 1 resulting inthe start methionine codon being substituted by a valine codon. SEQ IDNo. 1 contains non-coding exon sequence upstream of the start codon, sothe mutation is located at position 8 in SEQ ID No. 1 which correspondsto the first position in the coding exon of SEQ ID No. 1. Both parentswere negative for this mutation. As with Patient 1, this mutation ispredicted to ablate translation of MeCP2_e1, but without any negativeaffect on translation of MeCP2_e2. X-chromosome inactivation inperipheral blood leukocytes showed skewing, 90:10.

The presence of these missense/start codon mutations in classic Rettpatients, uniquely affecting the MeCP2_e1 isoform, clearly indicates theimportance of this isoform in the etiology of Rett syndrome. None ofthese sequence changes were identified in a previous study that screenedMECP2 exon 1 in 1,811 subjects with developmental delay or autism, and498 healthy adult control individuals (Harvey, C. G. et al., “SequenceVariants Within Exon 1 of MECP2 Occur in Females With MentalRetardation,” Am J Med Genet (Neuropsychiatr Genet), 144: 355-360(2007)).

Discussion

MECP2 was sequenced in 51 females with various clinical presentations,including developmental delay, autism, atypical and classical RTT,referred to the laboratory for testing. In patients with identifiedmutations, X-chromosome inactivation was analyzed. Four patients wereidentified with exon 1 mutations (c.1A>T; c.1A>G; c.5C>T), two of whichaffected the start codon, one a missense change, and one patient had apreviously reported splice site mutation, c.62+1delGT. The 4 patientsfit criteria for classical RTT, and thus these findings add support toprevious reports that exon 1 mutations may be associated with a severephenotype. Also, these findings add significant weight to the mountingevidence suggesting that the MeCP2_e1 isoform is the etiologicallyrelevant form of the protein.

As discussed above, three mutations were detected within exon 1 of theMECP2 gene in 35 clinical samples referred to CMH for MECP2 sequencing,and in one out of 16 samples from the Toronto patient set. All four wereassociated with classical RTT. Two of these patients had previouslytested negative by molecular testing, which at the time includedsequencing of exons 2-4 of the MECP2 gene. Following the reports of thesecond MeCP2 isoform (MeCP2_e1) and the clinical utility of sequencingexon 1, these patients were tested for exon 1 mutations. The totalnumber of distinct exon 1 mutations detected by sequencing is now 10.Two of these mutations, c.47_57del11nt and c.62+1delGT, have been foundin more than one patient (see Table 2). This brings the number of Rettpatients known to have a mutation within exon 1 of MECP2 to 14.

All mutations localized to exon 1 reported until recently have beeneither small insertions or deletions or large deletions removing theentire exon. The c.1A>T and c.1A>G mutations, which are single base pairchanges, are the first point mutations to be reported in exon 1 of theMECP2 gene (also see Gauthier, J. et al., “Clinical stringency greatlyimproves mutation detection in Rett syndrome,” Can J Neurol Sci, 32:321-6 (2005)). The c.1A>T and c.1A>G mutations alter the initiationcodon, which would mostly likely result in absent translation ofMeCP2_e1. MeCP2_e2 would be presumably unaffected but is clearly unableto compensate, as evidenced by the patients' classic RTT symptoms.Patient 3 had a C>T transition (c.5C>T) resulting in a missensemutation, A2V. This alanine is a perfectly conserved residue that marksbeginning of a polyalanine stretch that is present in all vertebratespecies (Harvey, C. G. et al., “Sequence Variants Within Exon 1 of MECP2Occur in Females With Mental Retardation,” Am J Med Genet(Neuropsychiatr Genet), 144: 355-360 (2007)). The role of this repeat isunknown, but it could play a role in the regulation of genetranscription, given the multiple binding sites for the SP1transcription factor. This patient's parents both tested negative forthis mutation, indicating this is a de novo, most likely pathogenicmutation. This also emphasizes the functional importance of theN-terminal portion of MeCP2_e1. There are a number of lines of evidencepointing to the likelihood that the MeCP2_e1 isoform is more relevant toRTT etiology than MeCP2_e2: a) no exon 2 missense mutations (whichshould only affect MeCP2_e2) have been identified to date; b) MeCP2_e1is the predominant isoform expressed in neuronal tissues Kriaucionis, S.and Bird, A., “The major form of MECP2 has a novel N-terminus generatedby alternative splicing,” Nucleic Acids Res, 32: 1818-1823 (2004);Mnatzakanian, G. et al., “A previously unidentified MECP2 open readingframe defines a new protein isoform relevant to Rett syndrome,” NatGenet., 36: 339-341 (2004)); c) MeCP2_e1 appears to be the ancestralform of the gene-MeCP2_e2 is only found among the higher vertebrates(Mnatzakanian, G. et al., “A previously unidentified MECP2 open readingframe defines a new protein isoform relevant to Rett syndrome,” NatGenet., 36: 339-341 (2004) and Harvey, C. G. et al., “Sequence VariantsWithin Exon 1 of MECP2 Occur in Females With Mental Retardation,” Am JMed Genet (Neuropsychiatr Genet), 144: 355-360 (2007). On the otherhand, analysis of the MECP2 exon 1 11 bp deletion (c.47_57del11nt(p.Gly16Glufs)) identified in a number of studies (Mnatzakanian, G. etal., “A previously unidentified MECP2 open reading frame defines a newprotein isoform relevant to Rett syndrome,” Nat Genet., 36: 339-341(2004); Amir, R. E. et al., “Mutations in exon 1 of MECP2 are a rarecause of Rett syndrome,” J Med Genet., 42: e15 (2005); Saxena, A. etal., “Lost in translation: translational interference from a recurrentmutation in exon 1 of MECP2,” J Med Genet., 43: 470-477 (2006); andRavn, K. et al., “Mutations found within exon 1 of MECP2 in Danishpatients with Rett syndrome,” Clin Genet., 67: 532-533 (2005)) hassuggested that both isoforms of MeCP2 are disrupted in these patients,and thus could not exclude a role for MeCP2_e2 in RTT etiology (Saxena,A. et al., “Lost in translation: translational interference from arecurrent mutation in exon 1 of MECP2,” J Med Genet., 43: 470-477(2006)). However, the missense and start codon mutations, where onlyMeCP2_e1 is likely disrupted, cast further doubt on a role for MeCP2_e2in the disorder.

Previous studies have concluded that sequencing exon 1 contributeslittle to the mutation detection rate in RTT, even in pre-selectedpopulations such as classical RTT patients who had already testednegative for mutations in exons 2-4 of the gene (Amir, R. E. et al.,“Mutations in exon 1 of MECP2 are a rare cause of Rett syndrome,” J MedGenet., 42: e15 (2005); Evans, J. C. et al., “Variation in exon 1 codingregion and promoter of MECP2 in Rett syndrome and controls,” Eur J HumGenet., 13: 124-126 (2005); and Quenard, A. et al., “Deleteriousmutation in exon 1 of MECP2 in Rett syndrome,” Eur J Med Genet., 49:313-322 (2006)). However, the results of the study described herein,which spanned two years with a total of 51 female patients tested, aminority of whom met the clinical criteria for classical RTT (9) orvariant RTT (2), were quite different. Other clinical presentations suchas autism or developmental delay were much more frequent in this testingpopulation, which would be less likely to be associated with a MECP2mutation. Seven other studies examining the exon 1 mutation frequency inRett females have been published to date (see Table 3). All of thesestudies were restricted to patients meeting criteria for classic orvariant RTT and except for one study (Quenard, A. et al., “Deleteriousmutation in exon 1 of MECP2 in Rett syndrome,” Eur J Med Genet., 49:313-322 (2006)), all were looking at patients who had previously testednegative for mutations in exons 2-4. The detection rates for mutationswithin exon 1 range from 0% to 25% (See Table 3) in these studies, withseveral groups concluding that exon 1 mutations are a rare cause of RTT(Amir, R. E. et al., “Mutations in exon 1 of MECP2 are a rare cause ofRett syndrome,” J Med Genet., 42: e15 (2005); Evans, J. C. et al.,“Variation in exon 1 coding region and promoter of MECP2 in Rettsyndrome and controls,” Eur J Hum Genet., 13: 124-126 (2005); andQuenard, A. et al., “Deleterious mutation in exon 1 of MECP2 in Rettsyndrome,” Eur J Med Genet., 49: 313-322 (2006)). In this study of 51unselected patients, 4 had exon 1 mutations (7.8%). For the sake ofcomparison, if the numbers are restricted to only those patients who fitthe classic or atypical RTT criteria, then the exon 1 mutation frequencyis 36%. The average detection rate from the reports listed in Table 3 is8.1% (median 5%). Taken together, these data indicate that exon 1mutations detectable by sequencing are slightly more common thanpreviously reported (Amir, R. E. et al., “Mutations in exon 1 of MECP2are a rare cause of Rett syndrome,” J Med Genet., 42: e15 (2005); Evans,J. C. et al., “Variation in exon 1 coding region and promoter of MECP2in Rett syndrome and controls,” Eur J Hum Genet., 13: 124-126 (2005);and Quenard, A. et al., “Deleterious mutation in exon 1 of MECP2 in Rettsyndrome,” Eur J Med Genet., 49: 313-322 (2006)).

Although genotype-phenotype correlations are difficult to make in RTTbecause of differences in X-chromosome inactivation (XCI), severalauthors have observed that patients with exon 1 mutations result in asevere RTT phenotype (Amir, R. E. et al., “Mutations in exon 1 of MECP2are a rare cause of Rett syndrome,” J Med Genet., 42: e15 (2005);Bartholdi, D. et al., “Clinical profiles of four patients with Rettsyndrome carrying a novel exon 1 mutation or genomic rearrangement inthe MECP2 gene,” Clin Genet., 69: 319-326 (2006); and Chunshu, Y. etal., “A patient with classic Rett syndrome with a novel mutation inMECP2 exon 1,” Clin Genet., 70: 530-531 (2006)). This could be becauseexon 1 mutations cause premature truncation of the more relevant,brain-dominant isoform (Kriaucionis, S. and Bird, A., “The major form ofMECP2 has a novel N-terminus generated by alternative splicing,” NucleicAcids Res, 32: 1818-1823 (2004) and Mnatzakanian, G. et al., “Apreviously unidentified MECP2 open reading frame defines a new proteinisoform relevant to Rett syndrome,” Nat Genet., 36: 339-341 (2004)).

Out of the 14 patients harboring mutations within exon 1, all but twohad classic/severe RTT. The two patients with atypically mild RTT hadthe same c.47_57del11nt mutation, which has also been reported inclassic RTT patients (Table 2), differences for which could beattributed to skewed XCI. All four of the patients in this study hadclassic RTT, with one dying at an early age from pneumonia at the age of16. Although the numbers are too small to be of any statisticalsignificance, it is worth noting that 4 of the 14 patients listed inTable 2 died by the age of 25 (median age 17.5). RTT patients do have adecreased survival compared to the general population, but survival to20 years was 94% in a preliminary study of patients from Texas (delJunco, D. et al., “Survival in a large cohort of US girls and women withRett syndrome,” J Child Neurol., 8:101-102 (1993), Abstract.) and 85.3%in a large Australian cohort of 276 RTT patients (Laurvick, C. L. etal., “Rett syndrome in Australia: a review of the epidemiology,” JPediatr, 148: 347-352 (2006)).

While the present invention has been described with reference to whatare presently considered to be the preferred examples, it is to beunderstood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed examples.To the contrary, the invention is intended to cover variousmodifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit andscope of the appended claims.

All publications, patents and patent applications are hereinincorporated by reference in their entirety to the same extent as ifeach individual publication, patent or patent application wasspecifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by referencein its entirety.

TABLE 1 MECP2E1 mutations or variants identified to date. Positionrelative Number of Nucleotide to NM_004992 Effect of Associated Patientschange (SEQ ID No. 1) Amino acid change change phenotype with mutation11bp deletion Between Frameshift leads to MECP2E1 Rett 1 38 to 54nonsense mutation, disrupted, premature truncation of MECP2E2 notprotein after amino acid 36 disrupted Exon 1 deletion 1-69 No MECP2E1translation MECP2E1 and Rett 1 MECP2E2 disrupted 1A −> T 8 1Met −> LeuMECP2E1 Rett 1 disrupted, MECP2E2 possibly diminished del[TG] 69 to 70Destroys exon 1/intron 1 MECP2E1 Rett 1 splice site, resulting in readdisrupted, through and nonsense MECP2E2 translation, with truncationprobably not after amino acid 97 disrupted ins[GCCGCCGCC] Between nt 11ins[Ala]3 within N terminal May affect Developmental 2 and 29polyalanine stretch of function and or Delay MECP2E1 translation ofMECP2E1, but not MECP2E2 del[GCC] Between nt 11 del Ala within Nterminal May affect Developmental 1 and 29 polyalanine stretch offunction and or Delay MECP2E1 translation of MECP2E1, but not MECP2E2ins[GGA] Between ins Gly May affect Developmental 5 38 to 54 functionand or Delay translation of MECP2E1, but not MECP2E2 −45 del [GC] −38 to−39 In 5′UTR, 45 nt upstream of May affect Developmental 1 relative toSTART codon- potential transcription or Delay BX538060 SP1 transcriptionfactor translation of binding site MECP2E1 −26 del [AG] −19 to −20 In5′UTR, 26 nt upstream of May affect Developmental 1 relative to STARTcodon transcription or Delay BX538060 translation of MECP2E1 “del”indicates a deletion; “ins” indicates an insertion

TABLE 2 Summary of reported exon 1 sequence mutations in MECP2 to date.Patient Age at Death RTT Mutation Age (Cause) XCI Phenotype c.1A > T(p.Met1?) 20 n/a 63:37 classic c.1A > G (p.Met1?) 28 n/a 90:10 classicc.5C > T (p.A2V) 16 Not classic (pneumonia) done c.23_27dup5nt 25 —classic (p.Ser10Argfs) (not given) c.30delCinsGA 19 70:30 classic(p.Ser10Argfs) (pneumonia) c.47_57del11nt 27 n/a — classic (p.Gly16Glufs) c.47_57del11nt 37 n/a — classic (p.Gly 16Glufs) c.47_57del11nt? n/a 44:56 atypical (p.Gly 16Glufs) (mild) c.47_57del11nt 13 n/a 73:27atypical (p.Gly 16Glufs) (mild) c.48_55dup (p.Glu19Alafs) 5 n/a Randomclassic c.59_60delGA 5 n/a 48:52 classic (p.Arg20Thrfs) c.62 + 1delGT 8n/a 68:32 classic c.62 + 1delGT 7 n/a 78:22 classic c.62 + 2_62 + 3del6½ Random atypical (not given) (severe)

TABLE 3 Literature reports of exon 1 mutation frequency in females withRTT and variant RTT phenotype. Frequency of Previously Large GeneMutations in Negative for Rearrangements Exon 1 Phenotype Exons 2-4Including Exon 1  1/19; 5.2% Typical RTT Yes 1 patient, exon 1  2/63;3.2% 38 classic Yes Not tested RTT, 25 atypical RTT 2/212; .9%  211typical No 4 patients, large RTT, 1 deletions* atypical (severe) RTT 2/10; 20% Typical RTT Yes None 1/20; 5% 12 classic Yes 1 patient, exonsRTT, 8 1-2 variant RTT, 1/20; 5% Classic and Yes Not tested atypical RTT0/97; 0% 37 classic Yes None (Not all RTT and 60 were tested) atypical 1/4; 25% Classic RTT Not n/a specified  4/51; 7.8% 9 classical 21Patients Not tested RTT, 2 variant RTT; (the rest have autism, MR,microcephaly, etc.) Total: 6 Deletions 14/496; 2.8%  *One deletionincluding promoter and exon 1, one including exons 1-2, one includingpromoter and exons 1-2, and one complete gene deletion

1-11. (canceled)
 12. A method of preparing an MECP2 protein fractionfrom a subject useful for analyzing an MECP2E1 protein involved inneuropsychiatric or developmental disorder, comprising: (a) extractingproteins comprising an MECP2E1 protein from a sample from the subject;(b) producing an MECP2E1 protein fraction of the proteins extracted in(a) by contacting the proteins extracted in (a) with antibodies orantibody fragments that bind to the MECP2E1 protein; and (c) analyzingthe MECP2E1 protein fraction produced in (b).
 13. The method of claim12, wherein step (c) comprises detecting a mutation in a wild-typeMECP2E1 protein, wherein the wild-type MECP2E1 protein has the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 4. 14. The method of claim 13, whereinmutation is a premature truncation of the wild-type MECP2E1 protein. 15.The method of claim 14, wherein the premature truncation occurs afteramino acid at positions 36 or 97 of SEQ ID NO:
 4. 16. The method ofclaim 12, wherein the sample from the subject is a selected from blood,urine, serum, tears, saliva, and feces.
 17. The method of claim 12,wherein step (c) comprises performing a radioimmunoassay, enzymeimmunoassay, immunofluorescence, immune-precipitation, latexagglutination, hemagglutination, or histochemical test.
 18. The methodof claim 17, wherein the antibodies or antibody fragments of (b) arelabeled with a detectable marker.
 19. The method of claim 18, whereinthe detectable marker is an enzyme, fluorescent material, luminescentmaterial, or radioactive material.
 20. The method of claim 19, whereinthe enzyme is horseradish peroxidase, biotin, alkaline phosphatase,β-galactosidase, or acetylcholinesterase.
 21. The method of claim 19,wherein the fluorescent material is umbelliferone, fluorescein,fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, dichlorotriazinylaminefluorescein, dansyl chloride, or phycoerythrin.
 22. The method of claim19, wherein the luminescent material is luminol.
 23. The method of claim19, wherein the radioactive material is S-35, Cu-64, Ga-67, Zr-89,Ru-97, Tc-99m, Rh-105, Pd-109, In-111, I-123, I-125, I-131, Re-186,Au-198, Au-199, Ph-203, At-211, Pb-212, or Bi-212.
 24. The method ofclaim 12, wherein step (c) comprises quantifying the amount of MECP2E1protein in the sample.
 25. The method of claim 12, wherein theneuropsychiatric or developmental disorder is selected from autism,autism spectrum disorder, epilepsy, Angelman syndrome, Prader-Willisyndrome, encephalopathy, schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder,depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic disorder, attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder, ataxia, and mental retardation.
 26. Amethod of preparing an MECP2 amplified fraction from a subject usefulfor analyzing an MECP2E1 gene involved in neuropsychiatric ordevelopmental disorder, comprising: (a) extracting nucleic acidscomprising an MECP2E1 gene from a sample from the subject; (b) producingan MECP2E1 amplified fraction of the nucleic acids extracted in (a) bycontacting the nucleic acids extracted in (a) with primers to amplifythe MECP2E1 gene, wherein the MECP2E1 amplified fraction comprisesMECP2E1 amplified products; and (c) analyzing the MECP2E1 amplifiedfraction produced in (b).
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein step (c)comprises detecting a mutation within exon 1, or in the intron-exonboundary immediately adjacent to exon 1, of a nucleic acid sequenceencoding an MeCP2E1 protein having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4.
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein mutation is selected from thegroup consisting of: (1) a deletion of 11 consecutive base pairs innucleotides 38 to 54 of SEQ ID NO: 1, the deletion causing a truncationof the MeCP2E1 protein of SEQ ID NO: 4 after amino acid 36; (2) adeletion consisting of nucleotides 1-69 of exon 1 of SEQ ID NO: 1; (3)an adenine to thymine change at nucleotide position 8 of SEQ ID NO: 1;(4) a deletion of a T, G or TG between nucleotide positions 69-71 of SEQID NO: 1; (5) a deletion of a T, G or TG between nucleotide positions70-71 of SEQ ID NO: 1; (6) a deletion of the nucleotide sequence GC atnucleotides −38 and −39 upstream of the position corresponding tonucleotide 1 of SEQ ID NO: 1; (7) a deletion of the nucleotide sequenceAG at nucleotides −19 and −20 upstream of the position corresponding tonucleotide 1 of SEQ ID NO:1; (8) a deletion of 11 consecutive base pairsin nucleotides 38 to 54 of SEQ ID NO: 1, the deletion causing atruncation of the MeCP2E1 protein of SEQ ID NO: 4 after amino acid 36;and (9) an adenine to thymine mutation at the nucleotide positioncorresponding to position 8 of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 29. A method of detectingRett syndrome that is associated with a point mutation in the humanMECP2 gene, comprising detecting the presence or absence of a pointmutation which disrupts the initiation codon in exon 1 of a nucleic acidsequence encoding the MeCP2E1 protein having the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO.: 4 in a sample obtained from a human by (i) amplifying thesample nucleic acid sequence with primers that amplify an adenine toguanine change at nucleotide position 8 of SEQ ID NO:1 and comparing theamplified sample nucleic acid sequence to a control nucleic acidsequence or (ii) detecting with a probe an adenine to guanine change atnucleotide position 8 of SEQ ID NO:1, wherein the presence of themutation in the sample nucleic acid sequence indicates that the humanhas Rett syndrome.